Teratogenesis and

Anthelmintic agents have been utilized to treat a multimde of nematode infections. These include roundworms, tapeworms, and lungworms in cattle and swine. Two classes of compounds included as anthelmintic agents will be discussed here, lev-amisole and thiabendazoles (thiabendazoles can also act as pesticides). Thiabendazoles can cause nephrotoxicity, teratogenesis, and immunosuppression and can disrupt endocrine balance. Because of these toxicides, residues of these compounds in food animals are of food safety concern. 

Myelosuppression is the most common serious adverse effect of ganciclovir treatment therefore, patients blood counts should be closely monitored. Neutropenia and anemia have been reported in 25 to 30% of patients, and thrombocytopenia has been seen in 5 to 10%. Elevated serum creatinine may occur following ganciclovir treatment, and dosage adjustment is required for patients with renal impairment. In animal studies, ganciclovir causes decreased sperm production, teratogenesis, and tumor formation. 

Weil CS (1970) Selection of the valid nmnber of sampling imits and a consideration of the combination in toxicological studies involving reproduction, teratogenesis, and carcinogenesis. Food Cosmet Toxicol 8 177-182... 

The consequences of discontinuing medication with subsequent psychotic relapse can be grave. Continuing maintenance medications that have been effective is appropriate. If a medication change is necessary, treatment with haloperidol is recommended because this agent has been used extensively, it has not been associated with teratogenesis, and it possesses only a small risk for EPS in the newborn. 

In 1973, Upshall4 reported tests of CS for teratogenicity in female Porton strain rats and New Zealand White rabbits. He attempted to simulate conditions that exist in riot-control situations, looking for teratogenesis and changes in numbers of offspring in response to aerosol exposure of both species. Control rats were subjected to handling stress and aerosols without CS. 

Vitamin C Impairment of work at high altitudes Gastrointestinal symptoms Oxalate stones in predisposed persons Possible teratogenesis and carcinogenesis in very high doses... 

Tests of neonicotinoids for neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, teratogenesis and mutagenesis in a... 

The study of xenobiotic metabolism has developed rapidly during the past few decades. These studies have been fundamental in the assessment of drug efficacy, safety, and design of dosage regimens in the development of food additives and the assessment of potential hazards of contaminants in the evaluation of toxic chemicals and in the development of pesticides and herbicides and their metabolic fate in insects, other animals, and plants. The metabolism of many xenobiotics is fundamental to many toxic processes such as carcinogenesis, teratogenesis, and tissue necrosis. Often the same enzymes involved in... 

This research was supported in part by NINCDS under contract N01-NS-5-2320. We thank our NINCDS contract monitor, Dr. Ernst Freese, for his appreciation of the fundamental insight quantum chemical calculations, both intra- and inter-molecular, could make to the processes leading to teratogenesis and to the general problems of membrane transport and biomolecular interactions. 

Branchaud, A., A. Gendron, R. Fortin, P. Anderson and P.A. Spear. Vitamin A stores, teratogenesis, and EROD activity in white sucker, Catostomus commersoni, from Riviere des Prairies near Montreal and a reference site. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52 1703-1713, 1995. 

Lyn, S., Giguere, V. 1994. Localisation of CRABP-I and CRABP-II mRNA in the early mouse embryo by whole-mount in situ hybridisation Implications for teratogenesis and neural development. Dev. Dyn. 199, 280-291. 

Teratogenesis and carcinogenesis can be considered as adverse reactions to drugs. 

Acitretin is currently the only retinoid licensed in the United Kingdom for the treatment of psoriasis and is only available for treatment of patients in hospitals. It is given orally and has anti-inflammatory and cytostatic actions. This is useful in inflammatory psoriasis. The half-life of acitretin is about two days. However, there is a high risk of teratogenesis and women must use adequate contraception and stop treatment for two years before conception. 

Nickel is susceptible to cross human placenta and produce teratogenesis and embroy toxicity. In vitro study on lipid peroxidation indicated that nickel induced peroxida-tive damage to placental membrane causing... 

Harbison, R. D., Chemical-biological reactions common to teratogenesis and mutagenesis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 1978, 24 87-100. 

Oxidative DNA damage and repair in teratogenesis and neurodevelopmental deficits. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. Vol. 90 No. 2 pp. 103-109 ISSN 1542-9768 Yukawa, M., Oda, S., Mitani, H., Nagata, M. and Aoki, F. (2007). Deficiency in the response to DNA double-strand breaks in mouse early preimplantation embryos. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. Vol. 358 No. 2 pp. 578-584 ISSN 0006-291X Zhao, T. and Xu, Y. (2010). p53 and stem cells new developments and new concerns. Trends Cell Biol. Vol. 20 No. 3 pp. 170-175 ISSN 1879-3088... 

---