Template technique with

The second class of materials, which we will consider herein are carbons with a highly ordered porosity prepared by a template technique [15-18]. The pores are characterized by a well-defined size determined by the wall thickness of the silica substrate used as substrate for carbon infiltration. They can be also interconnected, that is very useful for the charge diffusion in the electrodes. Figure 1 presents the general principle of the carbon preparation by a template technique, where the silica matrix can be, for example, MCM-48 or SBA-15. 

Some limitations of this molecular imprinting technique are obvious the template must be available in preparative amounts, it must be soluble in the monomer mixture and it must be stable and unreactive under the conditions of the polymerization. The solvent must be chosen considering the stability of the monomer-template assemblies and it should result in the porous structure necessary for rapid kinetics of the template interaction with the binding sites. If these criteria are satisfied, a robust material capable of selectively rebinding the template can be easily prepared and evaluated in a short period of time. 

By the template technique using anodic oxide films and pyrolytic carbon deposition, one can prepare monodisperse carbon tubes. Since the length and the inner diameter of the channels in an anodic oxide film can easily be controlled by changing the anodic oxidation period and the current density during the oxidation, respectively, it is possible to control the length and the diameter of the carbon tubes. Furthermore, by changing the carbon deposition period, the wall thickness of the carbon tubes is controllable. This template method makes it possible to produce only carbon tubes that are not capped at both ends. Various features of the template method are summarized in Table 10.1.1 in comparison with the conventional arc-discharge method. 

Replacement of the hydrogen bonds in oxime complexes with boron bridges leads to macrocyclic complexes such as those from dimethyl glyoxime (equation 59).201,202 This kinetic template technique has been used for the encapsulation of metals inside cage ligands.203 204... 

The use of oxime bond formation with orthogonal protection techniques allows the efficient construction of an antiparallel four-helix-bundle TASP122 (Scheme 19) by condensing amphiphilic peptide blocks, containing aldehyde functions at the C- or N-terminus, to a topological template functionalized with selectively addressable aminooxy acetic acid moieties, t20,22,971... 

Both the molecular template and the self-assembly techniques presented above have limited control over the final shape of the solid, since this is generally obtained in the form of a powder, fibers, or thin films. It is possible, however, to control the shape and size of solids by combining the former techniques with techniques that restrict the volume in which the synthesis takes place. The final goal is to have control over the solids at the molecular as well as macroscopic level, in order to have in a single material properties emerging from several levels of scale. Such structures are referred to as hierarchical [2, 6]. 

Chemical modification of CNTs changes or improves their chemical and electrical properties, thereby expanding their application fields. All of the efforts for the chemical modification have been directed toward the outer surface of CNTs. No one has, however, attempted to differentiate between the outer and inner surfaces or to modify only the inner one while leaving the outer one as it is. One of the reasons for this is that both ends are generally closed for most CNTs, but even if they were open, such differentiation would be essentially impossible any chemical treatment to the inner surface always affects the outer one. Only the template technique enables such selective chemical modification of the inner surface of nanotubes. With this technique, CNTs with outer and inner surfaces that have different properties can be prepared, and unique adsorption behaviors and electrical properties can be expected from such CNTs with heteroproperties. 

This kind of carbon with such unique pore structure, extremely large surface area, and micropore volume has never been reported. Sections 3.3.3.1 and 3.3.3.2 will introduce the details of the production method of the ordered microporous carbons and compare the extraordinary pore structure of this carbon with commercial microporous carbons with a large surface area. In Section 3.3.3.3, it will be demonstrated that a similar ordered microporous carbon containing N atoms can be prepared by the template technique, and the N-doping influences the adsorption behavior of H20 molecules [136], In Section 3.3.3.4, the use of this unique carbon as an electrode for supercapacitor will be introduced [137],... 

More effective nanoporous carbons have been obtained by the template technique. A nitrogenated precursor is introduced in a nanoporous scaffold and subsequently pyrolyzed then the nitrogen-enriched replica is obtained by etching the host with hydrofluoric acid. The first materials of this... 

Sol-gel processes are also suitable for lanthanide oxide formation, as could be shown by the use of Tb(acac)3 and Dy(OBu- )3 in acetylacetone" . Tb203 crack- and pine-hole-free, dense and smooth microstructured buffer layers were produced on nickel tapes by a reel-to-reel continuous sol-gel process. The authors report that the film properties can be strongly influenced by solution components, temperature, time and atmosphere. Nanocrystalline mesoporous dysprosium oxide Dy203 with narrow monomodal pore size distribution can be approached by a combined sol-gel process with a surfactant-assisted templating technique . The spherical Dy203 nanoparticles were formed with aggregations. 

Earlier [1-3] we reported about developed technique for synthesis of the mesoporous metal-silicates by the template method with using of low-molecular network-forming compounds. 

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