Temperature mapping

Variations of flame temperatures with exhaust-gas recirculation. Flame temperature maps are obtained by processing images obtained from a combustion chamber of a heavy-duty diesel engine using two-color pyrometry. Images are taken at 2° after the TDC at 1200rpm low-load condition. 

The temperature mapping method used in Ref. [8] is based on measurements of the spin-lattice relaxation time Ti of a suitable liquid such as ethylene glycol filling... 

The spatial temperature distribution established under steady-state conditions is the result both of thermal conduction in the fluid and in the matrix material and of convective flow. Figure 2. 9.10, top row, shows temperature maps representing this combined effect in a random-site percolation cluster. The convection rolls distorted by the flow obstacles in the model object are represented by the velocity maps in Figure 2.9.10. All experimental data (left column) were recorded with the NMR methods described above, and compare well with the simulated data obtained with the aid of the FLUENT 5.5.1 [40] software package (right-hand column). Details both of the experimental set-up and the numerical simulations can be found in Ref. [8], The spatial resolution is limited by the same restrictions associated with spin... 

Fig. 2.9.10 Maps of the temperature and of the experimental data. The right-hand column convection flow velocity in a convection cell in refers to numerical simulations and is marked Rayleigh-Benard configuration (compare with with an index 2. The plots in the first row, (al) Figure 2.9.9). The medium consisted of a and (a2), are temperature maps. All other random-site percolation object of porosity maps refer to flow velocities induced by p = 0.7 filled with ethylene glycol (temperature thermal convection velocity components vx maps) or silicon oil (velocity maps). The left- (bl) and (b2) and vy (cl) and (c2), and the hand column marked with an index 1 represents velocity magnitude (dl) and (d2).

The VIRTIS apparatus (Visible Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer) on board can observe the atmosphere and the cloud layers at various depths (on both the day and the night side of the planet). VIRTIS has also provided data for the first temperature map of the hot Venusian surface. These data have led to the identification of hot spots and thus provided evidence for possible volcanic activity (www.esa.int/specials/venusexpress). 

The second picture in Fig. 18 shows a temperature map for a vertical plane in the middle of the WS. The tube wall is to the right of the picture, and the scale has been chosen to emphasize the temperature gradients in the near-wall region. 

The temperature maps shown in Fig. 20 illustrate the development of the temperature field as the flow enters a tube heated at the wall. The first (left-hand) map shows the initial heating of the gas at the tube entrance. The development of the boundary layer near the walls is clear and represents one contribution to the heat transfer resistance in the wall region. The more rapid... 

Fio. 27. (a) Near-wall temperature map for the 1-hole particles (b) radial temperature profiles for solid cylinders and cylinders with two different sizes of internal void. 

The wall temperature maps shown in Fig. 28 are intended to show the qualitative trends and patterns of wall temperature when conduction is or is not included in the tube wall. The temperatures on the tube wall could be calculated using the wall functions, since the wall heat flux was specified as a boundary condition and the accuracy of the values obtained will depend on their validity, which is related to the y+ values for the various solid surfaces. For the range of conditions in these simulations, we get y+ x 13-14. This is somewhat low for the k- model. The values of Tw are in line with industrially observed temperatures, but should not be taken as precise. 

Fig. 28. Wall temperature maps for 1-hole particles (a) without wall conduction (b) with wall conduction, on the same temperature scale as (a) (c) with wall conduction, on a temperature scale chosen to show nonuniform temperature features.

In general, the smaller the container volume, the less likely the detection of a discernible cold spot. Nevertheless, temperature mapping should be conducted on all the different container types, sizes, and fill volumes that will be subject to validation. 

Time and energy can be saved if one recognizes that there is only one qualitative difference between a linear and a tridimensional polymer the existence in the former and the absence in the latter of a liquid state (at a macroscopic scale). For the rest, both families display the same type of boundaries in a time-temperature map (Fig. 10.1). Three domains are characterized by (I) a glassy/brittle behavior (I), (II), a glassy/ductile behavior, and (III) a rubbery behavior. The properties in domain I are practically... 

Figure 10.1 Time-temperature map. Shape of main boundaries for linear or network polymers. (I) Glassy brittle domain B, ductile-brittle transition. (II) Glassy ductile domain G, glass transition. (Ill) Rubbery domain. The location of the boundaries depends on the polymer structure but their shape is always the same. Typical limits for coordinates are 0-700 K for temperature and 10-3 s. (fast impact) to 1010 s e.g., 30 years static loading in civil engineering or building structures. Fpr dynamic loading, t would be the reciprocal of frequency. For monotone loading, it could be the reciprocal of strain rate s = dl/ Idt.

A given transition is essentially characterized by two quantities its amplitude AS and its location in the frequency scale at a given temperature, in the temperature scale at a given frequency or, better, in the frequency-temperature map. 

A second way of presenting the data of the temperature survey at the Mohawk River is in the form of seasonally repeated depth profiles in a well (Fig. 4.21). The temperatures are seen to increase for half a year and then decrease, proving recharge, similar to the mode seen in the temperature maps (Fig. 4.20). The profiles show the vertical dimension of the recharge— temperature fluctuations are accentuated between 180 and 200 ft. Recharge is most efficient in this horizon, indicating highest conductance. 

Fig. 4.21 Seasonal temperature profiles in well 61, 100 m away from the Mohawk River (from Winslow et al., 1965). The temperatures are seen to decrease from October-March and to increase from June-September, similar to the trends seen in the temperature maps of the previous figure. The profiles reveal that the largest temperature variations occurred at a depth interval of 180-200 ft above sea level, indicating recharge occurred mainly through this part of the rock section, which in turn must have a higher conductivity.

Physical sensors (i) Thermal measurement (e.g. core body temperature, surface temperature mapping) (ii) mechanical measurement (e.g. non-invasive sphygmomanometer for blood pressure measurements, spirometer for determination of breathing and pulmonary function) (iii) acoustic measurement (e.g. ultrasound imaging, Doppler sonography for determination of blood flow) and (iv) radiation measurement (e.g. X-ray imaging, CT scanning). 

Figure 7. Temperature map during nucleate boiling on a thin plate [9]...

Procedures to ensure that chambers are qualified (temperature mapped) and monitored for environmental parameters. 

Nutrient Maps. Regression equations (6) for nitrate and phosphate against temperature were used to convert the temperature maps to nutrient maps. Each isopleth is the average value of the pixel nutrient concentrations on each side. 

Figure 8, Sea surface temperature maps (°C), inf erred from satellite IR images. Contour interval is one radiometric unit (-0.7 °C). Phytoplankton pigments (hatched area) are shown in June 11 figure with a contour interval of 0.7 mg/m. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 6. Coptjright 1983,...

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