Doppler sonography

Steinke W, Kloetzsch C, Hennerici M. Carotid artery disease assessed by color Doppler flow imaging correlation with standard Doppler sonography and angiography. AJR Am J... 

Stein E, Pankiewicz J, Harsch HH, Cho JK, Fuller SA, Hoffmann RG, Hawkins M, Rao S, Bandettini PA, Bloom AS (1998) Nicotine-induced limbic cortical activation in the human brain a functional MRI smdy. Am J Psychiatry 155 1009-1015 Sziraki I, Lipovac MN, Hashim A, Sershen H, Allen D, Cooper T, Czobor P, Lajtha A (2001) Differences in nicotine-induced dopamine release and nicotine pharmacokinetics between Lewis and Fischer 344 rats, Neurochem Res 26 609-617 Terborg C, Birkner T, Schack B, Witte OW (2002) Acute effects of cigarette smoking on cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics a combined study with near-infrared spectroscopy and transcranial Doppler sonography, J Neurol Sci 205 71-75 Thompson JC, WUby G, Stough C (2002) The effects of transdermal nicotine on inspection time. Hum Psychopharmacol 17 157-161... 

Previous studies of tumor blood vessel response to radiation have relied upon the clearance of Xe and the quantity of RBCs (Cr-59) within tumors following treatment with radiation (3,6,8). Currently available methods allow direct, longitudinal observation of tumor blood volume and blood flow (10,11). More recent models include the tumor vascular window (11), power Doppler sonography (10), and histologic evaluation of tumor blood vessels (12,13). These models permit characterization of the dose-dependent response in tumor blood vessels. 

Power Doppler sonography displays the amplitude of the Doppler signal but lacks the velocity and directional information present in frequency-based color Doppler sonography (10). However, power Doppler is more sensitive in the depiction of tumor vascularity (14-16), specifically within small tumor vessels (10,17). The hind limb tumor model and power Doppler can be utilized to measure the response of tumor blood vessels to radiation, providing longitudinal assessment of microvascular response within the same tumor without the need to section tumors for histology at various time intervals. 

Choi B, Kim TK, Han JK, et al. Power versus conventional color Doppler sonography comparison in the depiction of vasculature in liver tumors. Radiology 1996 200 55-58. 

B artolozzi C, Lencioni R, Paolicchi A, et al. Differentiation of hepatocellular adenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver comparison of power Doppler imaging and conventional color Doppler sonography. EurRadiol 1997 7 1410-1415. 

Color-flow Doppler sonography can be of use in distinguishing the two types, because type 1 is associated with increased vascularity and type 2 is not. In a retrospective study of 24 patients with amiodarone-induced hyperthyroidism in an iodine-replete environment, 13 had little or no vascularity, of whom seven were prednisolone-responsive of 11 patients with increased vascularity, four responded to antithyroid drugs alone and only one of seven responded to prednisolone (37). Euthyroidism was achieved twice as rapidly in patients with low vascularity than in those with increased vascularity. Thus, responsiveness to prednisolone was not consistently predicted by lack of vascularity, but the presence of flow appeared to correlate with non-responsiveness to prednisolone. 

Wong R, Cheung W, Stockigt JR, Topliss DJ. Heterogeneity of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis evaluation of colour-flow Doppler sonography in predicting therapeutic response. Intern Med J 2003 33 420-6. 

Wildt, L., et al. 1998. Sperm transport in the female genital tract and its modulation by oxytocin as assessed by hypersalpingoscintigraphy, hysterotonography, electrohysterography and Doppler sonography. Hum Reprod Update 4 655. 

The cause of cocaine-related stroke and transient ischemic attacks has been studied by transcranial Doppler sonography, a continuous measure of cerebral blood flow velocity, to monitor the course of cerebral hemodynamic changes during acute intravenous injection of placebo, and of cocaine 10, 25, and 50 mg in seven cocaine abusers (150). There was a significant increase in mean and systolic velocity (lasting about 2 minutes) with all doses of cocaine but not with placebo. Cocaine produced an immediate brief period of vasoconstriction... 

Shiogai T, Koshimura M, Murata Y et al. (2003). Acetazolamide vasoreactivity evaluated by transcranial harmonic perfusion imaging relationship with transcranial Doppler sonography and dynamic CT. Acta Neurochirurgia Supplement 86 57-62 Stam J (2005). Thrombosis of the cerebral veins and sinuses. New England Journal of Medicine 352 1791-1798... 

Despite the fact that transcranial Doppler sonography, like positron emission tomography, has increased our knowledge of the cerebral circulation in health and disease, and even though it is inexpensive and quite widely available and repeatable on demand (unlike positron emission tomography), it stiU has rather a minor role in routine clinical management. 

Gaitini D, Soudack M (2005). Diagnosing carotid stenosis by Doppler sonography state of the art. Journal of Ultrasound Medicine 24 1127-1136... 

A less-invasive alternative is to inject air bubbles or other echocontrast material intravenously if there is a patent foramen ovale, they can be detected by transcranial Doppler sonography of the middle cerebral artery, particularly with a provocative Valsalva maneuver. There is considerable variation in the methods used to detect patent foramen ovale and this influences the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. It is also uncertain what size of shunt is "clinically relevant" and some bubbles may pass to the brain through pulmonary rather than cardiac shunts (Droste ef al. 1999, 2002 Schwarze ef al. 1999),... 

Physical sensors (i) Thermal measurement (e.g. core body temperature, surface temperature mapping) (ii) mechanical measurement (e.g. non-invasive sphygmomanometer for blood pressure measurements, spirometer for determination of breathing and pulmonary function) (iii) acoustic measurement (e.g. ultrasound imaging, Doppler sonography for determination of blood flow) and (iv) radiation measurement (e.g. X-ray imaging, CT scanning). 

Portal vein thrombosis (see chapter 39.3.3) with gradual or incomplete obstruction merely produces anastomoses and develops asymptomatically. After complete obstruction, ultrasonography will showparaportal, angiomatous anastomoses, predominantly in the porta hepatis (= cavernous transformation). (95) Splenomegaly is evidenced with a normal-sized liver. The portal vein is not detectable. Colour Doppler sonography has become of paramount importance in portal vein system diagnostics. 

Numata, K., Tanaka, K., Mitsui, K., Morimoto, M., Inone, S., Yonezawa, H. Flow characteristics of hepatic tumors at color Doppler sonography correlation with arteriographic findings. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 1993 160 515-521... 

Strobel, D., Krodel, U., Martus, R, Hahn, E.G., Becker, D. Clinical evaluation of contrast-enhanced color Doppler sonography in the differential diagnosis of liver tumors. J. Clin. Ultrasound 2000 28 1 — 13... 

Sumi, S., Yamashita, Y., Mitsuzaki, K., Yamamoto, H., Urata, J., Nishi-haru, T., Takahashi, M. Power Doppler Sonography assessment of tumor recurrence after chemoembolization therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 1999 172 67—71... 

Endoscopic sonography is ideally suited for displaying intramural and perimural oesophageal varices. (134) (s. fig. 19.6) Endoscopic colour Doppler sonography is... 

K., Kawamori, ., Takashima, T. Gallbladder varices demonstration of direct communication to intrahepatic portal veins by color Doppler sonography and CT during arterial portography. Abdom. Imag. 1997 22 82-84... 

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