Tablet diluents lubricant

Starch is a very widely used tablet excipient, but in its natural state, it does not possess the fluidity and binding characteristics needed as a tablet diluent. The major consolidation mechanism of starch is by deformation with a high elastic component.In addition, starch shows a high degree of lubricant sensitivity. 

Dextrates is a directly compressible tablet diluent used in chewable, nonchewable, soluble, dispersible, and effervescent tablets.It is a free-flowing material and glidants are thus unnecessary. Lubrication with magnesium stearate (0.5-1.0% w/w) is recommended. Dextrates may also be used as a binding agent by the addition of water, no further binder being required. ... 

Dextrose is widely used in solutions to adjust tonicity and as a sweetening agent. Dextrose is also used as a wet granulation diluent and binder, and as a direct-compression tablet diluent and binder, primarily in chewable tablets. Although dextrose is comparable as a tablet diluent to lactose, tablets produced with dextrose monohydrate require more lubrication, are less friable, and have a tendency to harden. The mildly reducing properties of dextrose may be used when tableting to improve the stability of active materials that are sensitive to oxidation. 

Uses 0/w and w/o emulsifier, wetting agent, crystallization inhibitor, softener, conditioner, aerating agent in foods emulsifier in cosmetics lowers vise. inhibitor of thermal denaturation of proteins emulsifier, solubilizer, stabilizer, tableting agent, lipophilic matrix in pharmaceuticals excipient, diluent, lubricant, binder, filler for tablets... 

Formulation. Compressed tablet formulations contain several types of inert, adjuvant ingredients necessary for proper preparation and therapeutic performance. Tablets designed to be swallowed need diluent, disintegrating, binding (adhesive), and lubricating inert ingredients, whereas... 

Excipients are sub-divided into various functional classifications, depending on the role that they are intended to play in the resultant formulation, for example, fillers, disintegrants, binders, lubricants and glidants. An added complexity is the fact that certain excipients can have different functional roles in different formulation types. Thus, lactose is widely used as a filler or diluent in solid oral dosage forms, for example, tablets and capsules [2] and as a carrier for inhalation products [3]. 

Dissolution testing was performed on the five aberrant tablet formulations (n = 6 per formulation) and the target tablet formulation (n = 6) using the small volume dissolution method previously described. As shown in Table 10.6 and Fig. 10.6, the dissolution profiles for the aberrant tablet formulations with additional lubricant, diluent substitution, additional binder, and high tablet hardness differ from the profile... 

Time (min) Target Formulation Additional Lubricant Diluent Substitution Disintegrant Removed Additional Binder High Tablet Hardness... 

Microcrystalline cellulose - mainly used as a binder or diluent in solid oral dose formulations. It also has lubricant and disintegrant properties which make it a useful excipient in tablet manufacture. 

Talc —OH Anticaking agent, glidant, tablet and capsule diluent, and lubricant... 

Compressed tablet formulations contain different types of ingredients necessary for proper preparation and therapeutic performance. The ingredients needed include diluents, disintegrating or binding (adhesive) additives, and lubricants. Tablets are designed to be dissolved slowly in the mouth and should not disintegrate quickly. Lactose... 

For tablets and capsules, excipients are needed both for the facilitation of the tableting and capsule-filling process (e.g., glidants) and for the formulation (e.g., disintegrants). Except for diluents, which may be present in large quantity, the level of excipient use is usually limited to only a few percent and some lubricants will be required at <1%. Details of the types, uses, and mechanisms of action of various excipients for tablet and capsule production have been discussed at length in other articles in this encyclopedia. The types and functions of excipients for tablet production are summarized in Table 1. Although binders. 

Cadila Laboratories Ltd. of Ahmedabad, India have developed an expert system for the formulation of tablets for active ingredients based on their physical, chemical, and biological properties. The system first identifies the desirable properties in the excipients for optimum compatibility with the active ingredient and then selects those that have the required properties based on the assumption that all tablet formulations comprise at least one binder, one disintegrant, and one lubricant. Other excipients such as diluents (fillers) or glidants are then added as required. 

The true direct compression process as described earlier almost invariably applies to formulations containing potent active ingredients and where the direct compression properties derive from the diluent. A few substances do possess adequate flow and cohesive properties without the need for pretreatment. These are usually crystalline inorganic salts such as sodium chloride and potassium chloride. Direct compression forms of less potent active ingredients are available e.g., paracetamol and ascorbic acid. These can be directly compressed into tablets, perhaps after the addition of a lubricant. However, such substances are more accurately described as pre-granulated, in that the granulation process—either wet granulation or precompression—has been carried out by the excipient manufacturer. 

Several authors have listed the attributes of the ideal direct compression diluent. " However, it must always be borne in mind that the diluent will invariably form part of a multicomponent mixture. At the very least, the diluent will be mixed with the active ingredient, and almost invariably a lubricant will also be present. The greater the proportion of active ingredient in the formulation, the less influence the diluent will have on the properties of the tablet. 

Powdered cellulose has been used as a direct compression diluent. Though it forms hard tablets, fluidity is poor and dilution potential is low. Like microcrystalline cellulose it has some self-lubricating properties, but addition of a lubricant is usually necessary, causing a marked reduction in tablet strength. ... 

Tribasic calcium phosphate is widely used as a capsule diluent and tablet filler/binder in either direct-compression or wet-granulation processes. The primary bonding mechanism in compaction is plastic deformation. As with dibasic calcium phosphate, a lubricant and a disintegrant should usually be incorporated in capsule or tablet formulations that include tribasic calcium phosphate. In some cases tribasic calcium phosphate has been used as a disintegrant. It is most widely used in vitamin and mineral preparations as a filler and as a binder. It is a source of both calcium and phosphorus, the two main osteogenic minerals for bone health. The bioavailability of the calcium is well known to be improved by the presence of cholecalciferol. Recent research reports that combinations of tribasic calcium phosphate and vitamin D3 are a cost-effective advance in bone fracture prevention. ... 

Microcrystalline cellulose is widely used in pharmaceuticals, primarily as a binder/diluent in oral tablet and capsule formulations where it is used in both wet-granulation and direct-compression processes.In addition to its use as a binder/diluent, microcrystalline cellulose also has some lubricant and disintegrant properties that make it useful in tableting. 

Sodium chloride has been used as a lubricant and diluent in capsules and direct-compression tablet formulations in the past, although this practice is no longer common. Sodium chloride has also been used as a channeling agent and as an osmotic agent in the cores of controlled-release tablets. It has been used as a porosity modifier in tablet coatings,and to control drug release from microcapsules. 

Anticaking agent glidant tablet and capsule diluent tablet and capsule lubricant. 

Talc was once widely used in oral solid dosage formulations as a lubricant and diluent, see Table 1, although today it is less commonly used. However, it is widely used as a dissolution retardant in the development of controlled-release products. Talc is also used as a lubricant in tablet formulations in a novel powder coating for extended-release pellets and as an adsorbant. ... 

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