Systemic Translocation

With the track sprayer method, systemic translocation of absorbed glyphosate among commercial formulations was measured in roots that were shielded from the spray in velvetleaf plants. Formulation A, which showed the highest absorption (28%, Fig. 6.2.2), showed 6% translocation to roots at 24 HAT (Fig. 6.2.3) [10]. Root translocation was proportional to foliar absorption and followed the ranking of formulation A C B, which is also the ranking of overall plant efficacy. These results showed that, even with efficient absorption, only about one-third of the applied dose was absorbed, and only a fraction of that was translocated to the roots at 24 HAT. Since the amount translocated was proportional to that absorbed, increasing absorption would increase overall efficacy as long as translocation is not hindered in the process. 

Our initial microscopy studies in velvetleaf plants showed that large 1-pL droplets used in the leaf droplet method caused localized spot necrosis on the leaf [5, 19, 20]. In contrast, smaller droplets as encountered in spray application caused little to no visible local injury [21]. A recent study in RR cotton also showed that glyphosate distribution to bolls differed between over-the-top spray versus manual 

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Because of the limited root uptake and slow rate of systemic translocation, the diphenyl ether herbicide residues detected in the aerial plant portion are low. 

H)2D3 exerts its influence within target tissues through high-affinity sterol-specific intracellular receptor proteins. The D3 receptor, similar to steroid receptor systems, translocates the hormone from the cell cytoplasm to the nucleus, where biological response is initiated via transcription and translation (Fig. 66.3). 

Zaki, A.I., Zentmyer, G.A., and LeBaron, H.H. 1981. Systemic translocation of C-labeled metalaxyl in tomato, avocado, and Persea indica. Phytopathology 7 1, 509-514. 

Martin, R.A., Edgington, L.V. (1981) Comparative systemic translocation of several xenobiotics and sucrose. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 16, 87-96. 

Martin, H., Worthing, C.R., Eds. (1977) Pesticide Manual. 5th Edition, British Crop Protection Council, Thornton, United Kingdom. Martin, R.A., Edgington, L.V. (1981) Comparative systemic translocation of several xenobiotics and sucrose. Pest. Biochem. Physiol. 16(2), 87-96. 

To foUow this chemoenzymatic approach, the synthetic substrates must be transferred onto the catalyticaUy active serine residue of the TE domain. This transfer can either be done directly or with the help of a PCP domain. In the natural system, translocation is realized by the interaction between the PCP and the TE domain. The substrate, which is bound to the 4 Ppan cofactor of the PCP domain as a thioester, acylates the hydroxyl group of the serine. Chemically speaking, the acylation of the TE is a result of a iran -esterification. When using TE domains, the substrate provided in trans must also have an appropriate acylation potential. Several key techniques have been developed to covalently attach synthetic substrates to PCP and TE domains. In the first method, the relaxed substrate specificity of the 4 Ppan transferase Sfp is used to load acyl moieties... 

Murphy DB, Cregg N, Tremblay L, et al. Adverse ventilatory strategy causes pulmonary-to-systemic translocation of endotoxin. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000 162 27-33. 

Since many metabolic processes in the cell require the participation of both intra-and extramitochondrial enzyme reactions, transport of certain metabolites across the mitochondrial membrane is obligatory. Developments in the field of mitochondrial metabolite transport have been rapid in the last 15-20 years. Whereas most of this work during the first decade was carried out with isolated mitochondria (see [13] for review), during the last decade research gradually moved in the direction of elucidation of the role that these transport systems (translocators, carriers) play in the regulation of metabolism in the intact cell [4-7]. 

Nemmar A, Hoylaerts MF, Hoet PHM et al (2004) Possible mechanisms of the cardiovascular effects of inhaled particles systemic translocation and prothrombotic effects. Toxicol Lett 149 243-253... 

The penetration and translocation behavior of [ " C]-9 [59] in cabbage is comparable that those reported for imidacloprid (1). Translaminar and acropetal aphicidal efficacy clearly confirmed that 9 can be systemically translocated. The... 

Ethylene oxide has been shown to produce mutagenic and cytogenic effects in a variety of test systems (226). An increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes of monkey exposed to ethylene oxide for 104 weeks has been reported (240). In mice, it is an effective inducer of chromosome breaks leading to dominant-lethal mutations. In addition, ethylene oxide has been shown to induce heritable effects in the heritable translocation test conducted in mice exposed to ethylene oxide by inhalation (241,242). In this study, male mice were exposed to ethylene oxide ranging from 165 to 300 ppm for 6 h per day 5 or 7 days/week for 8.5 weeks. Ethylene oxide has also been shown to bind to proteins (243) as well as to DNA (244). Several studies on ethylene oxide-exposed workers have demonstrated an increased incidence of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges the relevance of such effects to human health evaluation is currendy uncertain. 

The atmospheric movement of pollutants from sources to receptors is only one form of translocation. A second one involves our attempt to control air pollutants at the source. The control of parhculate matter by wet or dry scrubbing techniques 3delds large quantities of waste materials—often toxic—which are subsequently taken to landfills. If these wastes are not properly stored, they can be released to soil or water systems. The prime examples involve the disposal of toxic materials in dump sites or landfills. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 and subsequent revisions are examples of legislation to ensure proper management of solid waste disposal and to minimize damage to areas near landfills (4). 

Mitchell, P., and Moyle, J., 1965. Stoichiometry of proton translocation through the re.spiratory chain and adeno.sine triphosphatase. systems of rat mitochondria. Nature 208 147-151. 

Within the nervous system, ChEs were shown to be involved in membrane conductance and transmission of excitatory amino acids, learning and memory, neurite growth, neuritic translocation and acute stress reactions. Recent findings propose AChE s involvement in apoptosome formation [2]. 

A system of membrane enclosed cisternae in the cytoplasm. The ER is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. The part of the ER coated with ribosomes is called rough ER, the other part is called smooth-surfaced ER. The rough ER is the first compartment of the secretory pathway. Here, membrane proteins are integrated into and secretory proteins translocated across the ER membrane. Furthermore,... 

Synaptic vesicles isolated from brain exhibit four distinct vesicular neurotransmitter transport activities one for monoamines, a second for acetylcholine, a third for the inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine, and a fourth for glutamate [1], Unlike Na+-dependent plasma membrane transporters, the vesicular activities couple to a proton electrochemical gradient (A. lh+) across the vesicle membrane generated by the vacuolar H+-ATPase ( vacuolar type proton translocating ATPase). Although all of the vesicular transport systems rely on ApH+, the relative dependence on the chemical and electrical components varies (Fig. 1). The... 

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