Glucose transport system translocation

Kamieli, E., Zamowski, M. J., Hissin, P. J., Simpson, L. A., Salans, L. B., and Cushman, S. W. (1981). Insulin-stimulated translocation of glucose transport systems in isolated rat adipose cell. /. Biol. Chem. 256, 4772-4777. 

Simulation of glucose transport and glucose transporter translocation from intracellular stores to the plasma membrane in muscle cells by vanadate and peroxovan-adate involve a mechanism independent of PI-3K and protein kinase C systems utilized for stimulation of these processes by insulin. The transport of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane in muscle cells growing in culture after stimulation by vanadate, peroxovanadate, or insulin all require an intact actin network [138], Sometimes, the insulin-like action of vanadium is accompanied by overall stimulation of actual metabolic pathways. One example of this is the stimulation of the pentose phosphate pathway observed when vanadate promotes the incorporation of glucose into lipids, an antilipogenic effect [139],... 

Cushman, S.W. Wardzala, L.J. (1980). Potential mechanism of insulin action on glucose transport in the isolated rat adipose cell. Apparent translocation of intracellular transport systems to the plasma membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 255,4758-4762. 

In the bacterium E. coli, glucose is taken up by group translocation, lactose is taken up by secondary active transport (using H + ), and maltose is taken up by means of a binding-protein system. Outline how it would be possible to determine whether melibiose (a disaccharide of glucose and galactose) is taken up by . coli and. if it is, whether one of the mechanisms described earlier applies. 

The chemotactic receptors to glucose, fructose, mannose and certain other sugars are insensitive to osmotic shock (Table 4.1) and have been shown to be integral parts of the cytoplasmic membrane. These membrane-associated receptors have been shown to be identical with enzymes II, the substrate-specific components of phosphotransferase transport (the PEP system). The essential event during sugar translocation using the PEP system is the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphorylation of the... 

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