Synthetic fibers cellulose fiber

The American Fiber Manufacturers Association, Inc. is the trade association for US. companies that manufacture and sell synthetic and cellulosic fibers. 

However, synthetic fibers (cellulosic and noncellulosic) increased much more rapidly in importance, with cellulosics booming between World Wars I and II and noncellulosics dominating after World War II, while all that time cotton showed only a steady pace in comparison. The more recent competition between the various fibers in the United States is given in Fig. 17.1. Nylon was originally the most important synthetic (1950-1971) but polyester now leads the market (1971-present). For a few years (1970-1980) acrylics were third in production, but since 1980 polyolefins have been rapidly increasing. Polyolefins are now second only to polyester in synthetic fiber production. Cotton, being an agricultural crop, certainly demonstrates its variable production with factors such as weather and the economy. It is an up-and-down industry much more so than the synthetics. 

Special finishing agent for a permanent soft, smooth, and spring hand. Can be used on woven and knitted goods as well as yarns made of synthetic or cellulosic fibers, wool, silk, and various blends of these fibers. Further properties improved crease resistance, improved sewability and cutting, anti-pill, anti-felting of wool. 

This material is a nonionic softener designed to produce satisfactory softening on cellulosic and blends of synthetics and cellulosic fibers. The outstanding feature of this softener is its tremendous resistance to yellowing under extreme conditions of time and temperature. This product is recommended for use with thermosetting resin finishes particularly where high cure conditions are present. 

Is a W/0 emulsifier which is used in household formulations. It also functions as a fiber-to-metal lubricant for synthetic and cellulosic fibers and yarns. 

The remainder of this chapter is concerned with briefly summarizing the chemistry and technology of man-made fiber formation. An attempt has been made to place the emphasis on those synthetic and cellulosic fibers that represent significance either in terras of world production or, in the authors view, in terms of unusual or unique polymer chemistry. More detailed and comprehensive general reviews on various aspects of these topics have been published elsewhere (4-10). 

Apcosolve AS. [Apolto] Low foaming solvent scouring agent for synthetic and cellulosic fibers. 

Setamol . [BASF AG] Dispersants for dye dispersions used for vat dyes for synthetic and cellulose fibers. 

Manufacturing Synthetic and Cellulosic Fiber Formation Technology. 2006. American Fiber Manufacturers Association, http //www.fibersource.com/f-tutor/techpag.htm. 

Among the various fibers available naturally/synthetically, natural cellulosic fibers are of much importance due to their intrinsic properties [48-50]. These fibers have been reported to be used by human beings for thousands of years ago starting from early civilization in the formation of bridges for on-foot passage as well as in naval... 

Cost savings Reinforcement Hardness Thermai insuiation Chemical resistance Wood flour, saw dust, cotton flock Glass fibers, cellulosic fibers, synthetic fibers, asbestos fibers Metallic powders, mineral powders, silica, graphite Asbestos, ceramic oxides, silica Glass fibers, synthetic fibers, metallic oxides, graphites... 

Cellulose acetate, the second oldest synthetic fiber, is an important factor in the textile and tobacco industries 731,000 metric tons were produced worldwide in 1991 (Fig. 11) (74). Acetate belongs to the group of less expensive fibers triacetate is slightly more expensive. An annual listing of worldwide fiber producers, locations, and fiber types is pubHshed by the Fiber Economics Bureau, Inc. (74). 

Bulky Rayons. Unlike the thermoplastic synthetic fibers, viscose rayon cannot be bulked by mechanical crimping processes. Crimpers impart crimp to a regenerated cellulose fiber but it is not a permanent crimp and will not survive wetting out. 

Fibers for commercial and domestic use are broadly classified as natural or synthetic. The natural fibers are vegetable, animal, or mineral ia origin. Vegetable fibers, as the name implies, are derived from plants. The principal chemical component ia plants is cellulose, and therefore they are also referred to as ceUulosic fibers. The fibers are usually bound by a natural phenoHc polymer, lignin, which also is frequentiy present ia the cell wall of the fiber thus vegetable fibers are also often referred to as lignocellulosic fibers, except for cotton which does not contain lignin. 

Fibers (see Fibers, survey) used in textile production can have a wide variety of origins plants, ie, ceUulosic fibers (see Fibers, cellulose esters) animals, ie, protein fibers (see Wool) and, in the twentieth century, synthetic polymers. Depending on the part of the plant, the ceUulosic fibers can be classified as seed fibers, eg, cotton (qv), kapok bast fibers, eg, linen from flax, hemp, jute and leaf fibers, eg, agave. Protein fibers include wool and hair fibers from a large variety of mammals, eg, sheep, goats, camels, rabbits, etc, and the cocoon material of insect larvae (sUk). Real sUk is derived from the cocoon of the silkworm, Bombjx mori and for a long time was only produced in China, from which it was traded widely as a highly valuable material. 

PyraZolines. l,3-Diphenyl-2-pyia2olines (7) (Table 2) aie obtainable from appiopiiately substituted phenyUiydiazines by the Knoii reaction with either P-chloro- or P-dimethylaminopropiophenones (30,31). They are employed for brightening synthetic fibers such as polyamides, cellulose acetates, and polyacrylonitriles. 

Plastics and Other Synthetic Products. Sulfur is used in the production of a wide range of synthetics, including cellulose acetate, cellophane, rayon, viscose products, fibers, and textiles. These uses may account for 2% of sulfur demand in developed countries. Sulfur intermediates for these manufacturing processes are equally divided between carbon disulfide and sulfuric acid. 

The primary driving forces behind investigation of new solvents include environmental concerns and the abiUty to form Hquid crystals in the new solvent systems. By analogy with Kevlar, a synthetic aromatic polyamide fiber, spinning from a Hquid crystalline solution should yield cellulose fibers with improved strength, as has been demonstrated in laboratory experiments. 

It is difficult for dye solutions in water to penetrate synthetic fibers such as polyester, cellulose triacetate, polyamides, and polyacryUcs which are somewhat hydrophobic. The rate of water imbibition differs with each fiber as shown in Table 1 as compared to viscose (see Fibers, regenerated CELLULOSics), which imbibes water at the rate of 100% (1). The low imbibition rate is attributed to the high T obtained when the polymeric fibers are drawn. During this drawing operation the polymer chains become highly oriented and tightly packed, forming a stmcture practically free of voids. 

The appearance of synthetic fibers in the 1920s accelerated the further development of anthraquinone dyes. Soon after British Celanese succeeded in commerciali2ing cellulose acetate fiber in 1921, anthraquinone disperse dyes for this fiber were invented by Stepherdson (British Dyestuffs Corp.) and Celatenes (Scottish Dyes) independendy. Anthraquinone disperse dyes for polyester fiber were developed after the introduction of this fiber by ICI and Du Pont in 1952. These dyes were improved products of the disperse dyes that had been developed for cellulose acetate fiber 30 years before. 

Anthraquiaone vat dyes have been used to dye cotton and other cellulose fibers for many decades. Despite their high cost, relatively muted colors, and difficulty ia appHcation, anthraquiaone vat dyes stUl form one of the most important dye classes of synthetic dyes because of their all-around superior fastness. 

Some references distinguish between synthetic fibers made from synthetic polymers and those made by modification of cellulose (man-made fibers). 

Acetate rayon dyes developed for cellulose acetate and some synthetic fibers. 

The first thermoplastics and synthetic fibers were derived from cellulose, but their markets were eroded by... 

---