Synthetic bone

Bioceramics The First Weight Bearing, Completely Resorbable Synthetic Bone Replacement Materials... 

It was obvious to early researchers on synthetic bone material that a pure calcium phosphate bioceramic would be the optimum replacement for human and mammalian bone. The calcium phosphate in human bone is called hydroxyapatite (Fig. 1). It is an ionic substance having the formula Ca5(0H)(P04)3. 

Figure 2. Our strong porous synthetic bone material.

Our researchers have worked very hard to accomplish our goals by doing things we felt would enhance our synthetic bone materials and their performance to enable them to equal and often exceed the performance of autograft as implants as well as in other types of bone augmentation and replacement. The nonporous tooth enamel solid calcium phosphate materials have flexural strengths of over 20,000 lb in.2 However, without pores it would take an extremely long time to resorb this nonporous bioceramic. 

Megagraft 1000 is the only calcium phosphate synthetic bone bioceramic strong enough to hold a bone screw (see color insert), (b) Postoperative X-ray of the total radius section implant. 

In the field of bioceramics, paragraph 11.6, coatings of synthetic bone are applied to metal implants in order to ensure a better attachment to the body s bone. 

Tissue growth factor, recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor, and a synthetic bone matrix... 

How can we develop better materials to be used as synthetic bone for replacement surgery ... 

Syn. 6, 16 (1960) from Ca(N01)1.4H10 and (NH4)1P04 plus NH4OH Hayek. Newesely, ibid. 7, 63 (1963). Formation and structure of synthetic bone hydroxyapatites A. S. 

Le Geros RZ (1965) Effect of carbonate on the lattice parameters of apatite. Nature 206 403-404 Le Geros RZ, Miravite MA, Quirolgico GB, Curzon ME (1977) The effect of some trace elements on the lattice parameters of human and synthetic bone. Calc Tiss Res 22 362-367 Le Geros RZ, Bond B, Le Geros R (1978) Types of H2O in human enamel and in precipitated apatites. CalcifTiss Inti 26 111-118... 

The honeycomb of the catalytic converter provides a large surface area to support the catalyst particles and ensures that the gases pass close to these particles. When used as filters the pore (channel) diameter is engineered to suit the purpose. The synthetic bone needs the pores to encourage the intergrowth of regrowing natural bone, but if the pores are too large then the ceramic is weakened. One technique used to provide the porous structure and... 

A few million patients every year need a bone graft or bone graft substitute to repair a bone defect resulting from an injury or a disease. A large number of bone graft substitutes can be used unprocessed or processed allogenic bone, animal-derived bone substitutes and synthetic bone substitutes, mostly ceramics. ... 

Due to the inherent problems associated with allografts, autografts, and inert synthetic materials, research has moved towards the development of synthetic bioactive materials that mimic the natural structure and function of native bone tissue. In order to develop an ideal synthetic bone scaffold, the following attributes must be considered (Fig. 5) [36] ... 

Brown, P.W., Sample D., and Hecker, N. (1991) The low temperature formation of synthetic bone. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings 179, 41 8. Brown, P.W., Hocker, N., and Hoyele, S. (1991) Variations in solution chemistry during the low-temperature formation of hydroxyapatite. Journal of the American Ceramic... 

Zimmermann, G., Moghaddam, A., 2011. Allograft bone matrix versus synthetic bone graft substitutes. Injury 42 (Suppl. 2), S16-S21. 

An entirely new synthetic bone product has been made from porous Rattan wood. The wood is intensively dried, and then impregnated with calcium phosphate formed under high pressure. Very promising test results are referred to in a recent conununication [71],... 

Hydroxyapatite-Packed Chitosan-PMMA Nanocomposite A Promising Material for Construction of Synthetic Bone... 

Bostrom MP, Seigerman DA (2005) The clinieal use of allografts, demineralized bone matrices, synthetic bone graft substitutes and osteoinductive growth factors a survey study. HSS J 1(1) 9-18... 

Sarikaya, B., Aydin, H.M., 2014. Development of collagen/beta-TCP based synthetic bone grafts. Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 8, 410. 

Later in 2008, Sitharaman et al. evaluated CNT composites in vivo for use as a synthetic bone substrate [42]. This involved the preparation of a porous biodegradable polymer composite with the inclusion of short (20—80 nm) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). When the in vivo response of CNTs containing substrates was compared to a control without CNTs, the CNT composite showed 300% increase in bone area as observed in micro-CT analysis and bone area under histological analysis. 

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