Allograft bone

Allograft bone has an unlimited supply, often at significant expense, and is osteoinductive, especially when BMPs in the matrix are exposed through demineralization, but, it carries the risk of transmitting disease (1 1 500000 for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 1 100000 for hepatitis B, and 1 60 000 for hepatitis C) [66]. If allograft bone is not completely cleared of cellular components, there is the potential for an immunological response, a clinical problem mostly for composite tissue transplants. 

Dumas JE, Zienkiewicz K, Tanner SA, Prieto EM, Bhattacharyya S, Guelcher S. Synthesis and characterization of an injectable allograft bone/pol3mier composite bone void filler with tunable mechanical properties. Tissue Eng Part A 2010 16(8) 2505-2518. 

If there is an insufficient amount of material at the donor site, an alternative treatment must be adopted. In allografting, bone is harvested from a cadaver, and sterilized before implantation into the individual. Unfortunately, sterilizing the bone can cause it to lose much of its biological signaling capabilities. Furthermore, these sterilization measures are not always successful and rejection can still occur [32]. 

In many cases, natural tissues can be used to replace damaged or diseased tissue structures. Natural tissue that is obtained from an individual and will be implanted into the same person is termed an autograft. If the donor is a different individual, the material is referred to as an allograft. Bone... 

Zimmermann, G., Moghaddam, A., 2011. Allograft bone matrix versus synthetic bone graft substitutes. Injury 42 (Suppl. 2), S16-S21. 

Dumas JE, Davis T, Holt GE, Yoshii T, Perrien DS, Nyman JS, et al. Synthesis, characterization, and remodehng of weight-bearing allograft bone/polyurethane composites in the rahhiL Acta Biomater July 2010 6(7) 2394-406. 

Allograft bone has been very extensively investigated as a commercial bone graft material. One of the first studies on the development of an injectable lysine-derived polyurethane bone graft investigated an LDI-based carrier for demineralized bone matrix [18]. An LDI-poly(p-dioxanone-co-glycolate) prepolymer was mixed with demineralized bone matrix to form a reactive putty. Implantation of the putty in an intramuscular site did not elicit an adverse inflammatory response. Several more recent studies have... 

Prieto EM, et al. Effects of particle size and porosity on in vivo remodeling of settable allograft bone/polymer composites. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015 103(8) 1641-51. 

Dumas JE, et al. Synthesis of allograft bone/polymer composites and evaluation of remodeling in a rabbit femoral condyle model. Acta Biomater 2010 6 2394-406. 

Page, J.M., Prieto, E.M., Dumas, J.E., Zienkiewicz, K.J., Wenke, J.C., Brown-Baer, R, Guelcher, S.A., 2012. Biocompatibihty and chemical reaction kinetics of injectable, settable polyure-thane/allograft bone biocomposites. Acta Biomaterialia 8, 4405—4416. 

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