Process combination synergistic effect

FBAs applied in combination may show a synergistic effect. Synergism is, at present, only of commercial interest with polyester brighteners. This phenomenon is discussed further in section 11.10. Conversely, the presence of a trace impurity in an FBA formulation may greatly reduce its effectiveness. In industrial laboratories much time and effort is expended in developing processes to minimise the content of such impurities or even to eliminate them completely. 

Our initial studies in this area were based on the reasoning that, since the reduction of carbon monoxide to C2 products is a complex, multi-step process, the use of appropriate combinations of metals could generate synergistic effects which might prove more effective (in terms of both catalytic activity and selectivity) than simply the sum of the individual metal components. In... 

Frequently, several different anticancer drugs are administered simultaneously. This process of combination chemotherapy increases the chance of successfully treating the cancer because of the additive and synergistic effect of each agent. Often, different types... 

In this equation, Wq and W[r are weighting factors that express the importance of the residuals obtained in the calorimetric and infrared determinations, respectively. The definition of these weightings is crucial for the results that are obtained, but is not at all straightforward. Recently, an approach to this problem based on an automated sensitivity analysis has been reported [17]. Besides tackling this problem of mathematically combining the evaluation of two different signals measured for the same experiment, we shall demonstrate in Section 8.3 that the application of both measurement techniques in parallel has synergistic effects for the clarification of the physical and chemical processes that are involved in the one experiment. 

The demand to develop efficient systems for pollutant abatement and wastewater treatment has brought some researchers to develop systems in which the photocatalytic process is combined with other methods with the purpose to increase its efficiency and to decrease the reaction time thanks to a synergistic effect. 

Testing. The measurement of corrosion, wear, and corrosion-wear interactions as well as erosion-corrosion interactions is a multistep process. Each component of the interaction must be measured separately. The results may then be combined to identify the synergistic effects and create a complete picture of the damage process. Measurement of the interaction between corrosion and wear modes or damage is more difficult. The standard (ASTM, G119)4 applies to systems in liquid solutions or slurries and some aspects of it can be adapted to dry corrosion and wear interactions as well. (Tylczak and Adler)5... 

Efflux is blocked by compounds such as respiratory inhibitors that decrease levels of ATP. Apparently the influx-efflux mechanism is dependent on intracellular ATP, which is utilized by the plasma membrane ATPase and thus drives the efflux process (36). The synergistic effects of respiratory inhibitors could serve as the basis for using a combination of inhibitors. This also brings up the possibility that through the use of respiratory inhibitors, fungi that are normally insensitive or only slightly sensitive to fenarimol or imazalil due to efflux systems could be controlled. 

The advantages of phosphorus addition to catalyst formulations found in patents can be approximately categorized as follows (i) optimization of the catalyst pore structure by addition of phosphorus to be applied with certain types of feedstocks such as residual oil, (ii) optimization of the dispersion of Co(Ni) I Mo-containing phases by the presence of phosphorus, (iii) optimization of synergistic effects resulting from complex chemical combinations of phosphorus and other incorporated elements, (iv) optimization of catalyst preparation by use of specific phosphorus precursors, and (v) the use of phosphorus-containing catalysts under specific reaction conditions or processes as well as their use in combination with other hydrotreating catalysts. 

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