Synchrotron radiation instrumentation

Shimomura O, Takemura K, Fujihisa H, Fuji Y, Ohishi Y, Kikegawa T, Amemiya Y, Matsushita T (1992) Rev Sci Instrum 63(1, part 2b) 967. Fourth International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation, Chester, England, 15-19 Jul 1991... 

R. J. Nelmes and D. Hausermann, Proceedings of the IUCr Workshop on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation for High Pressure Crystallography, High Pressure Res. 8 (1992). 

Seiler, P. Measurement of accurate Bragg intensities. In Accurate Molecular Structures. Their Determination and Importance. (Eds., Domenicano, A. and Hargittai, I.) Ch. 7, 170-198. Oxford University Press Oxford (1992). Matsubara, E., and Georgopoulos, P. Diffuse scattering measurements with synchrotron radiation instrumentation and techniques. J. AppL Cryst. 18, 377-383 (1985). 

Brown GS, Lindau I (eds) (1986) Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation Nucl. Instr. Meth. 

Karanfrl C, Zhong Z, Chapman LD, Fischetti R, Bunker GB, Segre CU, Bunker BA (2000) A bent Laue analyzer detection system for dilute fluorescence XAFS. Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation, Eleventh U.S. National Conference, 178-182... 

Gudat W, Zimmermann P (2000) In Gudat W, Zimmermann P (eds) Proceedings of the seventh international conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation Nucl Instmm Meth A 467-468 1-1632... 

With an ordinary spectrometer, it is very difficult to study optical properties <200 nm, which lie in vacuum ultraviolet. Chen et al. tried a synchrotron radiation instrument to record the spectrum in the range. During their measurements, the electron energy was kept at 800 meV in storage ring, whereas the beam current was 100-250 mA. The pressure of the sample chamber was kept at approximately 1 x 10 Pa. They calibrated the excitation spectra with sodium salicylate. They found the absorptions due to Sq Pi and Sq Pi in addition to host absorption at approximately 170 nm (see Table 14.2) [47, 48]. As Tables 14.2 and 14.3 show, there are few reports on the absorption of So Pi, perhaps due to the limits of instrumentation. 

M. Sanchez del Rio and R. J. Dejus, in Synchrotron radiation instrumentation, AIP Conference Proceedings Volume 705, eds. T. Warwick,... 

The analysis was performed by XRF method with SR. SRXRF is an instrumental, multielemental, non-destructive analytical method using synchrotron radiation as primary excitation source. The fluorescence radiation was measured on the XRF beam-line of VEPP-3 (E=2 GeV, 1=100 mA), Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia. For quality control were used international reference standards. 

Without exception, the highest quality EXAFS data are acquired at synchrotron radiation facilities. There are 20 operational facilities throughout the world. Each has unique instrumentation The interested user is encouraged to contact the facil-... 

The Mo K-edge EXAFS spectra for the catalysts and reference compounds (MoSj and NajMoOJ were measured on the BL-lOB instruments of the Photon Factory at the National Laboratory for High Energy Physics by using a synchrotron radiation. The EXAFS spectra were obtained at room temperature without exposing the sample to air by using an in situ EXAFS cell with Kapton windows [12]. Data analysis was earned out assuming a plane wave approximation. 

In this chapter, we present the principles of conventional Mossbauer spectrometers with radioactive isotopes as the light source Mossbauer experiments with synchrotron radiation are discussed in Chap. 9 including technical principles. Since complete spectrometers, suitable for virtually all the common isotopes, have been commercially available for many years, we refrain from presenting technical details like electronic circuits. We are concerned here with the functional components of a spectrometer, their interaction and synchronization, the different operation modes and proper tuning of the instrument. We discuss the properties of radioactive y-sources to understand the requirements of an efficient y-counting system, and finally we deal with sample preparation and the optimization of Mossbauer absorbers. For further reading on spectrometers and their technical details, we refer to the review articles [1-3]. 

The progress achieved is closely linked to the development of both powerful detectors and brilliant X-ray sources (synchrotron radiation, rotating anode). Such point-focus equipment has replaced older slit-focus equipment (Kratky camera, Rigaku-Denki camera) in many laboratories, and the next step of instrumental progress is already discernible. With the X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) it will become possible to study very fast processes like the structure relaxation of elastomers after the removal of mechanical load. 

Harbottle, G., Gordon, B. M., and Jones, K.W. (1986). Use of synchrotron radiation in archaeometry. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 14 116-122. 

EDXRD is a very powerful technique, although limitations include the requirement for synchrotron radiation. This Hmits the number of experiments that can be performed, due to the high cost and low availabihty of synchrotron beam time. Because of the large voliune of the reaction vessel and the geometry of the instrument, the peak resolution of the energy dispersive data is also rather poor (AE/E). This means that although it is possible to accurately monitor the course of a reaction, using the data for ab initio structure solution or structure refinement is precluded. 

The XAS spectrometer is similar to a UV-visible system in that it consists of a source, a monochromator, and a detector. The most favorable XAS source, synchrotron radiation, is tunable to different wavelengths of desirable high intensity. A laboratory instrument for analysis of solids and concentrated solutions may use a rotating anode source (further described in Section 3.3). The monochromator for X-ray radiation usually consists of silicon single crystals. The crystals can be rotated so that the wavelength ( i) of the X-rays produced depends of the angle of incidence (0) with a Bragg lattice plane of... 

Heald, S.M., Cross, J.O., Brewe, D.L, Gordon, R.A. 2007. The PNC/XOR X-ray microprobe station at APS sector 20 Proceedings of the 14th National Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Research - SRI 2007. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A, 582, 215-217. 

Instrumental methods have become more sophisticated to face these challenges. In particular, Westmoreland and Cool have developed a flame-sampling mass spectrometer that has provided several revelations in terms of relevant molecular intermediates in combustion. " Their setup couples a laminar flat-flame burner to a mass spectrometer. This burner can be moved along the axis of the molecular beam to obtain spatial and temporal profiles of common flame intermediates. By using a highly tunable synchrotron radiation source, isomeric information on selected mass peaks can be obtained. This experiment represents a huge step forward in the utility of MS in combustion studies lack of isomer characterization had previously prevented a full accounting of the reaction species and pathways. 

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