Synchronization control

Synchronization Control. During startup, partial load is applied to the eddy current brake. The expander is then throttled to a speed below synchronous speed, and the brake voltage controller varied to lower the voltage of the coil, causing a small speed... 

The primary switchgear is Powell metal-clad 4-bay switchgear that uses vacuum breakers for generator output and primary utility feed and contains generator and utility protective relays as well as synchronizing controls for generator/utility grid interconnect. 

Experimental setup of the MOPA laser system is shown in Fig. 9.9 [98]. The master oscillator contained two laser modules, with a plano-plano symmetrical stmcture. One of the laser modules served as the amplifier stage. The internal time sequence was controlled by using a synchronous controller. In the setup, LI is the distance from the mirror Ml to the left end surface of the Nd YAG rod, L2 is the distance between the Nd YAG rods, and L3 is the distance from the mirror M2 to the right end surface of the Nd YAG rod. LI and L3 were 8 mm, which formed a symmetric resonator. L2 was 6 mm that was limited by the mechanical size of laser modules. The distance between the amplifier stage and the output mirror M2, i.e., L4, was 15 mm. Ml was coated to have 99.8 % high reflectance at 1064 nm. M2... 

Cation in synchronized control cultures (Ct) and In cultures incubated (from EH + rnmhinatiftn J x methotrexate (M), 5 mAf uridine (U), 0.5 mAf thymidine (T), and with... 

Automatic starting and synchronizing controls are used for multiple-engine-generator installations. The output of two or three smaller units can be combined to feed the load. This capability offers additional protection for the facility in the event of a failure in any one machine. As the load at the facility increases, additional engine-generator systems can be installed on the standby power bus. 

WangK, Lu YC, Tostado CP, et al Coalescences of microdroplets at a cross-shaped micro-channel junction without strictly synchronism control, Chem EngJ 227 90-96, 2013a. 

We have been developing more general purpose high level synthesis system, Cyber , since 1986. The first target of the the Cyber system is synchronous control dominated applications and processors implemented in ASICs. Moreover, the system aims to compile software programs into ASIC chips, called software chips . 

G. Borriello. Synthesis of Asynchronous/Synchronous Control Logic. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 89), May 1989. 

Both computers are synchronized in an extremely precise manner seconds). This synchronization is not guaranteed. As far as safety is concerned, a synchronization control is performed, which is significantly less accurate, but is largely sufficient for the applications of interest to us (of the magnitude of a few milliseconds). This synchronization control causes the transition to the isolated mode in case of failure. 

Precise control implementation. As background for defining a precise control implementation, we describe first our model of the control implementation for the sequencing graph model. We assume a synchronous implementation of control that can be modeled on the whole as a synchronous finite-state machine (FSM) where transitions occur by the ass on of a clock signal at every cycle. The model of synchronous control as a FSM serves as an abstraction to reason about its properties in particular, it does not imply its physical realization in hardware, i.e. the control circuit may be physically implemented either as a single FSM or as a network of FSMs. 

The adaptive control approach takes as input a sequencing graph model G, without timing constraints and directly maps the graph model into a synchronous control unit consisting of a modular interconnection of interacting finite-state machines. As its name indicates, adaptive control takes into account the variations in the execution times of the operations caused by the changing input data. 

Lemma 8.1.1 Given an input data sequence, the control delay of a synchronous control implementation of a sequencing graph G, without timing constraints is equal to its latency if the following two criteria are satisfied ... 

Synchronization control circuit for each vertex v eV. The synchronization control circuit coordinates the activation of an operation with respect to offsets in its start time. 

For the counter-based scheme, the offset control for an anchor corresponds to a counter the synchronization control for a vertex corresponds to a comparator and a logical-ond gate. For the shift register-based scheme, the offset control corresponds to a shift register and the synchronization control corresponds to a logical-a/id gate. A way to visualize the interaction between offset and synchronization control is to view each anchor as a distinct schedule the activation of an operation may depend on multiple schedules. The schedule is the offset control and the logic to coordinate the activation of the operation is the synchronization control. 

Abstracting the control implementation. With the partitioning of the control into offset and synchronization control portions, we can abstract the control implementation in terms of a state transition diagram (STG). By varying the state encoding of the STG, different control implementations will result, each corresponds to a particular tradeoff between register and logic literal costs. 

The enable signals are generated via the offset control and synchronization control strategy described in the previous section. The task that remains is to... 

Given a relative schedule, the control implementation approach of Chapter 8 generates a control circuit to activate operations according to the schedule. The control circuit can be modeled as consisting of two components an offset control for each anchor A and a synchronization control for each vertex d G 1, as described below ... 

The synchronization control for v synchronizes the activation of v, denoted by enablcv, to offsets from the completion of its anchors. Specifically, the enable signal is defined as enablev = no6>i(v) C a(o a( )). 

We consido here two possible alternatives for control generation, as shown in Figure 8.9. In the first case, binary counters, which are initially cleared, are used to count the number of cycles since the completion of the anchors comparators are then used to determine when the operation should be activated. The offset control in this case corresponds to the binary counter and the synchronization control corresponds to the comparators. For the second case, shift registers are used instead of binary counters. This results in more registers in the offset control but reduces the synchronization control since the need for comparators has been eliminated. 

Remove redundancy - by lengthening the graph to make it taut, which minimizes the synchronization control cost... 

The lower bound on the synchronization control cost corresponds to the case where every vertex, excluding the source, has a single synchronization point, i.e. = 1 1 where /f (v) is the number of irredundant... 

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