Symptoms of Acute Metal Poisoning

Acute symptoms of individual metal poisoning can be found in standard reference books, including Luckey et al. (1977), Venu-gopal etal. (1978), Friberg etal. (1979, 1986), Brown etal. (1987), Seiler etal. (1988), Merian et al. (1991), Goyer et al. (1995), and Zalups et al. (2000), as well as in the individual chapters in Part III of this book. 

Ghronic exposure is defined as daily or otherwise repeated exposure over long periods of time, for example, over the working life time or the entire life span. Long-term, low-level exposure usually does not produce immediate toxic effects, but after a certain time signs of chronic toxicity may become 

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The toxic effects of the mineral elements are extremely element- and species-specific (Hapke 1991). The symptoms of acute poisoning (Geldmacher von Mallinckrodt 1991a) and chronic toxicity of inorganic elements can be completely different (Ewers and Schlipkoter 1991). The most common symptoms of acute metal poisoning include the following ... 

Despite fluid boundaries between subtoxic and toxic doses, acute intoxications resulting from a single high-dose intake show striking symptoms that develop suddenly. If the poison cannot be removed or inactivated quickly, irreversible organ and systemic changes that can be fatal may occur. The most common symptoms of acute metal poisoning can be classified as follows [71] ... 

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