Sustaining products

For utihties, two types of storage are used. A small amount of coal in storage meets daily needs and is continually turned over. This coal is loaded into storage bins or bunkers. However, long-term reserves are carefully piled and left undisturbed except as necessary to sustain production. 

Cost breakdown of a high production mold or die is approximately as follows Material cost used to about 12 to 20%, design about 5 to 10%, mold building hours about 40 to 60%, and profit at about 5 to 10%. In general they are very expensive with the major cost principally in machine building labor. The proper choice of materials of construction for their different parts is paramount to quality, performance, and longevity of a mold/die. Add good machinability of component metal parts, material which will accept the desired finish (polished, textured, etc.), ability to transfer heat rapidly and evenly, capability of sustained production without constant maintenance, etc. 

Polymers - Opportunities and Risks II Sustainability, Product Design and Processing... 

The rapid pace of development of our world over the last century has heen largely based on easy access to fossil fuels. These resources are, however, limited, while their demand is growing rapidly. It is also becoming clear that the scale of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions following the use of fossil fuels is threatening the climate of the Earth. This makes the development of sustainable production and energy solutions in industry, transportation, and households the most important scientific and technical challenge of our time. 

In the preceding chapters some of the main chemical developments that can help reduce waste, lower harmful emissions, improve process efficiency and generally aid development of more sustainable products and processes were discussed. In this and the following chapter the focus will be more on those aspects of technology that can lead to improved process and energy efficiency as well as process cost reduction. 

A useful example of sustainable design comes from BASF, and their development of the eco-efficiency tool. This tool seeks to integrate the combined aspects of each of the three pillars in an attempt to quantify the most sustainable products and illustrates some of the concerns associated with evaluating sustainable products. For example, the economic analysis includes a total cost of ownership that goes beyond the purchase price of a product to incorporate the cost of operation, the cost of environmental health and safety, and the cost of labour. Thus, even though a product may have a lower purchase price, it may be more expensive to use and thus costlier over the total life cycle of the product. 

To achieve sustainable production through biorefineries, engineers can look to specific chemical processes that draw on green technological alternatives. Whereas the principles... 

While advancing green chemical inventories is critical to a sustainable future, it is important to remember the big picture when designing products and processes - it is not just about hazard. Once the hazard assessment and evaluations are complete, and as part of the implementation stage, it is important to step back and consider the big picture when developing products. As noted earlier, a sustainable product - one that meets the criteria for Cradle to Cradle Design ... 

Strategies for sustainable product design should include the design of products as biological nutrients within biological metabolisms or technical nutrients within technical metabolisms. 

Gosselink JW. 2002. Pathways to a more sustainable production of energy Sustainable hydrogen—a research objective for Shell. Int J Hydrogen Energy 27 1125-1129. 

Because of their relative ease of production and cost compared with other methods of sustained or controlled delivery, dissolution and diffusion-controlled systems have classically been of primary importance in oral delivery of medication. Dissolution systems have been some of the oldest and most successful oral systems in early attempts to market sustaining products. 

Pusavec, F., Krajnik, P., and Kopac, J., 2010. Transitioning to sustainable production -Part I Application on machining technologies, Journal of Cleaner Production, 18 (2), 174-184. 

Herrmann, C., Zein, A., Thiede, S., Bergmann, L., and Bock, R., 2008. Bringing sustainable manufacturing into practice - The machine tool case, Sustainable Manufacturing VI Global Conference on Sustainable Product Development and LCE, Pusan, Korea. 

European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, Sustainable Production and Consumption Unit (SUSPROC) Waste and recycling. Last updated 6 March 2011. http //susproc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/activities/waste/... 

Self-sustainable production of hydrogen, chemicals, and energy from renewable alcohols by electrocatalysis. ChemSusChem, 3 (7), 851-855. 

Toledo P, Andren A and Bjorck L (2002), Composition of raw milk from sustainable production systems , International Dairy Journal, 12, 75-80. 

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