Surgical microscope

Intraoperative fluorescence is induced by a UV light source at 370-440 nm, which spectrally matches the main absorption peak of the sensitiser for fluorescence excitation and is delivered via a liquid light-guide to the surgical microscope (Figure 4). 

Intraoperative video streams from an endoscopic camera or a surgical microscope, shown alongside or fused with preoperative CT or MRI images. 

Other navigation systems combine video stream data obtained from endoscopic cameras or surgical microscopes, with data from preoperative studies, such as CT or MRI. The camera is tracked, so its position and orientation during surgery are known and can be shown, after registration, together with the preoperative images. The video stream can be shown side by side with a preoperative study,... 

Surgical microscope with optional assistant s viewing head (e.g., OPMI series by Carl Zeiss, Welwyn Garden City, UK). 

Surgical microscope with motorized laser micromanipulator... 

The anterior arch of the atlas is removed piecemeal using a high speed drill under the surgical microscope with X-ray image intensifier control. 

Bone defects surgically produced in sheep and rabbit models, have been treated with freeze dried methylpyrrohdinone chitosan [334-336]. hi view of improving bone tissue reconstitution with chitosan associated with calcium phosphate. Microscopic and histological analyses showed the presence of an osteogenic reaction moving from the rim of the surgical lesion toward the center. In control lesions, dense fibrous tissue, without the characteristic histoarchitecture of bone was observed. 

Surgical management of gallbladder carcinoma is based on local extension of the cancer. For example, T1 lesions require cholecystectomy alone, while many experts have advocated radical cholecystectomy for T2 lesions. There are several reasons for this recommendation. Specifically, Yamaguchi andTsuneyoshi (61) reported 44% positive microscopic margins in patients having T2 lesions who underwent only simple cholecystectomy. Additionally, T2 lesions are associated with an increased incidence of nodal... 

The surgical preparation of the dorsal skinfold window chamber can be varied to allow the sensor and window to be placed next to either subcutaneous fat, the skin retractor muscle, or subcutaneous fascia.26 A plastic restraining device comfortably holds the conscious or lightly sedated animal subject in a position on the microscope stage that allows imaging of the window and simultaneous connection of the sensor to the... 

Traditional endoscopic and surgical procedures provide whole tumor samples well suited for microscopic examination and analysis in the pathology laboratory. The use of whole tissue tumor biopsies for proteomic studies has, however, raised several important issues that have been well demonstrated in CRC [9]. These include cellular heterogeneity in the different bowel parietal layers (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis mucosa, serosa) that may or may not be infiltrated, epithelial cell diversity in the mucosa itself, tissue infiltration by inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes, contamination with other body fluids, and protein degradation following tumor necrosis. In fact, epithelial cell content was found to vary between 9 and 67% in whole biopsies of normal mucosa and between 7 and 95% in tumor biopsies [10]. This study clearly demonstrates the likelihood of large cellular variation between tissue samples. 

H. D. Schmidt, On the Microscopic Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology of the Human Liver, Confederate Medical and Surgical Journal 1 (1864) 49-54, 65-... 

Intraperitoneal instillation of doxorubicin has been used in the early postoperative period in patients with retroperitoneal or visceral sarcoma, in an attempt to eradicate microscopic residual disease after complete macroscopic surgical excision (95). Three of 17 patients had pyrexia, one peritoneal sclerosis, one a pancreatic fistula, and two abdominal pain. There were no anastomotic disruptions or intra-abdominal hemorrhages. 

Bismuth salts are still in use. Tripotassium dicitrato-bismuthate and bicitropeptide (a bismuth-peptide complex) are used in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in combination with antibiotics (SEDA-21,233) (1 ), and ranitidine bismuth citrate is used to treat peptic ulcer (5). Bismuth salicylates are used in other intestinal diseases, such as microscopic colitis (6,7) and collagenous colitis (8). Bismuth subnitrate plus iodoform is used to pack surgical cavities. Bismuth oxide and bismuth subgallate are found in some topical formulations that are used for treating hemorrhoids. Bismuth is also used topically as a bacteriostatic. 

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