Surface waters water analysis

Once pesticides were identified, monitoring was undertaken by the NRA, where possible, to confirm the usefulness of the model predictions. The most important prediction from the model was that the herbicide bentazone would reach surface waters. Subsequent analysis by the NRA confirmed the detection of bentazone at concentrations above 0.1 /tg D Consequently, the NRA informed... 

Proba, M. Chosen anthropogenic factors of surface water pollution analysis of the phenomenon. Eng. Environ. Prot. 16(1), 113-119 (2013). in Polish... 

The external reflection of infrared radiation can be used to characterize the thickness and orientation of adsorbates on metal surfaces. Buontempo and Rice [153-155] have recently extended this technique to molecules at dielectric surfaces, including Langmuir monolayers at the air-water interface. Analysis of the dichroic ratio, the ratio of reflectivity parallel to the plane of incidence (p-polarization) to that perpendicular to it (.r-polarization) allows evaluation of the molecular orientation in terms of a tilt angle and rotation around the backbone [153]. An example of the p-polarized reflection spectrum for stearyl alcohol is shown in Fig. IV-13. Unfortunately, quantitative analysis of the experimental measurements of the antisymmetric CH2 stretch for heneicosanol [153,155] stearly alcohol [154] and tetracosanoic [156] monolayers is made difflcult by the scatter in the IR peak heights. 

Microstructural examinations revealed branched, transgranular cracks originating on the external surface (treated cooling water). Analysis of material covering the crack surfaces revealed the presence of chlorine. 

Thorinm-232 is the only non-radiogenic thorium isotope of the U/Th decay series. Thorinm-232 enters the ocean by continental weathering and is mostly in the particulate form. Early measurements of Th were by alpha-spectrometry and required large volume samples ca. 1000 T). Not only did this make sample collection difficult, but the signal-to-noise ratio was often low and uncertain. With the development of a neutron activation analysis " and amass spectrometry method " the quality of the data greatly improved, and the required volume for mass spectrometry was reduced to less than a liter. Surface ocean waters typically have elevated concentrations of dissolved and particulate 17,3 7,62... 

Figure 5.3 Analysis of 100 ml of (a) surface water and (b) drinking water sample spiked with 0.1 pig/ml of microcystins, using column-switching HPLC 1, microcystin-RR 2, microcystin-YR 3, microcystin-LR. Reprinted from Journal of Chromatography A, 848, H. S. Lee et al, On-line trace enrichment for the simultaneous determination of microcystins in aqueous samples using high performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection , pp 179-184, copyright 1999, with permission from Elsevier Science.

Figure 13.7 Selectivity effected by employing different step gradients in the coupled-column RPLC analysis of a surface water containing 0.40 p-g 1 bentazone, by using direct sample injection (2.00 ml). Clean-up volumes, (a), (c) and (d) 4.65 ml of M-1, and (b) 3.75 ml of M-1 transfer volumes, (a), (c) and (d), 0.50 ml of M-1, and (b), 0.40 ml of M-1. The displayed cliromatograms start after clean-up on the first column. Reprinted from Journal of Chromatography, A 644, E. A. Hogendoom et al, Coupled-column reversed-phase liquid chromatography-UV analyser for the determination of polar pesticides in water , pp. 307-314, copyright 1993, with permission from Elsevier Science.

Analysis Units Rainwater Surface water (a) Bedrock water (b) Ocean... 

Analysis of cocaine and its principal metabolites in waste and surface water using... 

Huerta-Fontela M, Galceran MT, Ventura F (2007) Ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of stimulatory drugs of abuse in wastewater and surface waters. Anal Chem 79 3821-3829... 

Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Dinsdale RM, Guwy AJ (2008) Multiresidue methods for the analysis of pharmaceuticals, personal care products and illicit drugs in surface water and wastewater by solid-phase extraction and ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 391(4) 1293-1308... 

Batt AL, Kostich MS, Lazorchak JM (2008) Analysis of ecologically relevant pharmaceuticals in wastewater and surface water using selective solid-phase extraction and UPLC-MS/ MS. Anal Chem 80 5021-5030... 

Batt AL, Aga DS (2005) Simultaneous analysis of multiple-classes of antibiotics by ion trap LC/MS/MS for assessing surface water and groundwater contamination. Anal Chem 77 2940-2947... 

This equation predicts a value of 26.8%ofor the zebra at Turkana assuming an average value of 6%o for Lake Turkana water. This predicted value is l%o less than the actual value of 27.8%o. Given the variation in methods of sample preparation and analysis, variation between bone and tooth enamel (Stuart-Williams and Schwarcz 1997), and uncertainty in surface water oxygen isotopic composition, these values are extraordinarily close. Alternatively, if the equation is solved for using the actual value of the Turkana zebra. 

Planas C, Caixach J, Santos FJ, et al. 1997. Occurrence of pesticides in Spanish surface waters. Analysis by high resolution gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Chemosphere 34(ll) 2393-2406. 

Staples, C.A. (1998). Analysis of Surface Water Receiving Streams for Bisphenol A Manufacturing and Processing Sites, Technical Report to Bisphenol A TaskGroup by the Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., Washington, D.C. 

An analysis of the EPA STORET Data Base (1980-1982) found that trichloroethylene had been positively detected in 28% of 9,295 surface water reporting stations nationwide (Staples et al. 1985). An analysis of 1,350 samples taken from 1978 to 1979 and 4,972 samples from 1980 to 1981 from the Ohio River system found a similar percentage of positive detections most positive samples had trichloroethylene levels of... 

In Eqs. (27) and (28), p is the contribution of the substrate water molecules, p that of the adsorbate polar head, and p that of the hydrophobic moiety of the adsorbed molecules. Consistently, 8i, 82, and 83 are the effective local permittivities of the free surface of water and of the regions in the vicinity of the polar head and of the hydrophobic group, respectively. The models have been used in a number of papers on adsorbed monolayers and on short-chain substances soluble in water. " Vogel and Mobius have presented a similar but more simplified approach in which p is split into two components only. " Recently some improvements to the analysis using Eq. (27) have been proposed. " An alternative approach suggesting the possibility of finding the values of the orientation angle of the adsorbate molecules instead of local permittivities has been also proposed.""... 

Cyanide An Overview and Analysis of the Literature on Chemistry, Fate, Toxicity, and Detection in Surface Waters," Ecological Analysts, Inc., 1979. 

The method using GC/MS with selected ion monitoring (SIM) in the electron ionization (El) mode can determine concentrations of alachlor, acetochlor, and metolachlor and other major corn herbicides in raw and finished surface water and groundwater samples. This GC/MS method eliminates interferences and provides similar sensitivity and superior specificity compared with conventional methods such as GC/ECD or GC/NPD, eliminating the need for a confirmatory method by collection of data on numerous ions simultaneously. If there are interferences with the quantitation ion, a confirmation ion is substituted for quantitation purposes. Deuterated analogs of each analyte may be used as internal standards, which compensate for matrix effects and allow for the correction of losses that occur during the analytical procedure. A known amount of the deuterium-labeled compound, which is an ideal internal standard because its chemical and physical properties are essentially identical with those of the unlabeled compound, is carried through the analytical procedure. SPE is required to concentrate the water samples before analysis to determine concentrations reliably at or below 0.05 qg (ppb) and to recover/extract the various analytes from the water samples into a suitable solvent for GC analysis. 

LOQs for each of the three parent herbicides in surface water were determined using all the analytical results (not corrected for background) of samples fortified at the lowest fortification level, 0.05 pgL , during the analysis in years 1995-2001. The calculated LOQs were below 0.05 pgL for acetochlor and metolachlor and approximately 0.05 pgL for alachlor. If the true concentration of an analyte is at the LOQ or greater, the standard error of individual measured concentration values relative to the true concentration is at most 10%. 

This analytical method determines levels of major oxanilate and sulfonate soil metabolites of acetochlor, alachlor, and metolachlor in groundwater and surface water. The method consists of analysis of environmental samples by direct aqueous injection reversed-phase LC/MS/MS. 

---