Surface water inventory

No releases of 3,3 -diehlorobenzidine to the surface water were reported in 1996 (TR196 1998). Two hundred and fifty pounds (550 kilograms) were released to publiely owned treatment works (POTWs) (TR196 1998). These releases are summarized in Table 5-1. The TRl data should be used with eaution beeause only certain types of facilities are required to report information to the Toxies Release Inventory only if they employ more than 10 full-time employees, if their faeility is elassified under Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes 20 through 39, and if their faeility produees, imports, or proeesses 25,000 or more pounds of any TRl chemical or otherwise used more than 10,000 pounds of a TRl ehemical in a calendar year (EPA 1997). As a result of secondary treatment proeesses in POTWs, only a small percentage of any 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine that might enter POTWs is subsequently released into surface water. 

According to the Toxics Release Inventory, in 1996, the estimated releases of 1,4-dichlorobenzene of 1,881 pounds (0.94 tons) to water from 20 large processing facilities accounted for 0.25% of the total environmental releases (TRI96 1998). An additional 79 pounds (0.04 tons) or (0.01% of total environmental releases) were released indirectly to POTWs and some of this volume may have been released to surface water. Table 5-1 lists amounts released from these facilities. The TRI data should be used with caution because only certain types of facilities are required to report (EPA 1997b). Therefore, this is not a exhaustive list. 

Perchlorate is the oxidation product of chlorate. It forms a variety of compounds, including ammonium perchlorate, potassium perchlorate, sodium perchlorate, and perchloric acid. Perchlorate is highly reactive in its solid state, and as ammonium perchlorate it is used as the oxidizer in solid rocket fuel. Because of its limited shelf life, it must be periodically washed out of the country s rocket and missile inventory and replaced. Large volumes of the chemical have been disposed of since the 1950s, and perchlorate has been detected in large concentrations in both groundwater and surface water. Perchlorate has also been used in the manufacture of matches, munitions, fireworks, and in analytical chemistry. 

Surface water discharges of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from 298 industrial facilities in 1994 in the United States amounted to 264 kg, as reported in the Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory (Environmental Protection Agency, 1999d). 

Surface water discharges of pyridine from 43 industrial facilities in 1997 in the United States amounted to 247 kg in addition, underground injection of pyridine amounted to 278 290 kg as reported in the Toxics Release Inventory (US Environmental Protection Agency, 1996c). 

About 2% of environmental releases of dichloromethane are to water. Industrial releases of dichloromethane to surface water and underground injection (potential ground-water release) reported to the United States Toxic Chemical Release Inventory in 1988 totalled 158 tonnes. Dichloromethane has been identified in industrial and municipal waste-waters from several sources at concentrations ranging from 0.08 pg/L to 3.4 g/L (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1993 WHO, 1996). 

Begemann, F. Libby, W.F. (1957) Continental water balance, ground water inventory and storage times, surface ocean mixing rates and worldwide water circulation patterns from cosmic ray and bomb tritium. Geochemica Cosmochemica Acta, 12, 277-96. 

If the DMS inventory in Salt Pond is at steady state in summer (5), production should approximately balance removal. Tidal removal of DMS to Vineyard Sound is minimal. Outflow from Salt Pond is thought to be primarily surface water, and using a maximum tidal range of 0-0.2 m/d and a mean surface water concentration of 10 nmol/L, we calculate an export rate of less than 2 /imol/m2/d. The water-air flux of DMS may be calculated using the two film model of liss and Slater (22 flux = -ki C, ). With the same surface water DMS concentration (C ) and an estimated mass transfer coefficient (ki) for DMS of 1.5 cm/h, the projected flux of DMS from the pond into the atmosphere would be 4 /unol/m2/d. This compares with the range of estimated emissions from the ocean of 5-12 /imol/m2/d (1). 

Land use and potential pollutants map and water inventory map that includes the surface water system, springs, and wells (Figs. 18.1 and 18.2)... 

To obtain a more accurate inventory of the refinery s releases, the study team undertook a massive sampling program. Almost 1000 samples of air, groundwater, surface water, soils, and solid waste were collected and analyzed the database generated by this effort represents one of the most detailed emissions inventories ever assembled for a major petrochemical facility. 

Figure l6.6 Representative upper ocean profile of NO3, DON and PON at Station ALOHA based on 17-year time-series observations. Note accumulation of reduced N, especially DON in near-surface and decreases with depth. In the near-surface waters at Station ALOHA, DON accounts for nearly 95 % of the total fixed N inventory. 

The authors found strong stabtiizing feedbacks in the northern Indian Ocean and in the North Atlantic that act to minimize changes in the marine N inventory over relatively short timescales ( 30—200 years) and concluded that rates of N2 fixation are tightly linked to N P ratios in surface waters and thus denitrification, locally for the Indian Ocean and more remotely for the Atlantic Ocean. ITowever, the strength of these stabilizing feedbacks was weaker in other regions mainly due to Fe... 

Although we have presented inventory changes and nutrient utilization as separate processes, they are undoubtedly linked. Perhaps most interesting is the potential role of high latitude circulation and nutrient utifization on the nutrient content of the thermochne, a key parameter for setting the productivity of low latitude surface waters (Sarmiento and Orr, 1991 Sarmiento et ai, 2004 Schmittner, 2005). 

This classification has been discussed extensively within the context of a one-dimensional advection-diffusion model, along with simple solutions to the relevant equations (Craig, 1969). It should be noted, however, that specific tracers may fall into different categories depending on the nature of the specific application. For example, radiocarbon is a transient tracer in the surface waters of the ocean because its natural inventory (due to cosmic ray production) has been affected... 

Releases of aniline in industrialized countries is considerable. According to the US Toxic Release Inventory, during 1998, eighty-two factories in the US released 1,449,754 lbs. of aniline, 217,223 to the atmosphere, 19,549 to surface waters, 1,161,911 by underground injection, 252 to land and 50,819 to disposal sites. While aniline waste is nowadays subjected to recovery, management, energy recovery and waste treatment, this was not so in the past, when anilines caused environmental injuries. The toxic impact of many dyes, e.g. in waste streams and releases to surface waters, arises from the fact that they are degraded, cleaved or reduced to aromatic amines. 

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