Surface treatment method

Figure 20.2 shows the surface equipment used in a typical subsurface waste-disposal system. Detailed discussion of surface treatment methods can be found in Warner and Lehr.6 The individual elements are listed in the following ... 

Membrane composition Zeolite surface- treatment method Geometry Applications Reference... 

The technology to fabricate ultrathin high-performance membranes into high-surface-area membrane modules has steadily improved during the modem membrane era. As a result the inflation-adjusted cost of membrane separation processes has decreased dramatically over the years. The first anisotropic membranes made by Loeb-Sourirajan processes had an effective thickness of 0.2-0.4 xm. Currently, various techniques are used to produce commercial membranes with a thickness of 0.1 i m or less. The permeability and selectivity of membrane materials have also increased two to three fold during the same period. As a result, today s membranes have 5 to 10 times the flux and better selectivity than membranes available 30 years ago. These trends are continuing. Membranes with an effective thickness of less than 0.05 xm have been made in the laboratory using advanced composite membrane preparation techniques or surface treatment methods. 

Oxyfluorination of polypropylene was previously done by Hruska [1], and the material was used as an oxidative surface treatment method in electrophotography. 

A. Oldewurtel, Surface Treatment Methods, Mold-Making Handb. for the Plastic Engineering, Carl Hanser, Munich, Germany, Distributed by Macmillan Publ. Co., New York, NY, 1983, pp.351-372. 

Polycarbonate sheet Magnetron sputtering and a chemical surface treatment methods Development of Ti02 self cleaning coatings for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and rhodamine-B [586, 587]... 

Three parts are covered in the chapter. First, the synthesis and properties of PLA are described. The modification and process of PLA are also discussed. Then, the composites with PLA as matrix and natural fiber or nanoparticles as reinforcement are reported in the second part. The processing and the properties of the composites are also given. The interface between PLA and the reinforcement and the surface treatment methods are discussed. Finally, the application and the development of PLA and PLA-based composites in the future are proposed. 

Most conventional coal cleaning operations utilize gravity methods for the coarser size fractions and surface treatment methods for the finest particle sizes (Riley and Firth, 1993). The selection of equipment, especially for the finer sizes, depends on the mining method, coal hardness, and size distribution and amounts thereof. Typical of these is a dense-media cleaning process (Fourie, 1980) which use dense-media vessels or jigs for the coarsest size usually +3/8 in., dense-media cyclones, concentrating tables or jigs for the 3/8 in. x 28-mesh size, water-only cyclones or spirals, and sometimes flotation for the 28 x 100-mesh size and flotation for the -100 mesh. 

Most conventional coal cleaning facilities utilize gravity methods for the coarser size fractions and surface treatment methods for the finest particle sizes (Riley and Firth, 1993). The selection of equipment, especially for the finer sizes, depends on the mining method, coal hardness, and size distribution and amounts thereof. 

As previously mentioned, there are diverse surface treatment methods with various objectives, and these can be classified into wet processes (surface treatments using a solution) and dry processes (surface treatments that do not use a solution), as introduced in Table 3. There are several benefits to wet processes, such as the ability to treat large areas and conduct mass productivity, and it is relatively simple to set up the simple processing equipment that is open to the atmosphere. In addition, the processes involve low equipment costs. However, the disadvantages are that there is a limit to the amount of metals that can be extracted because of the method of electrolysis used, and it is also necessary to treat the waste liquid and wastewater. This section discusses issues necessary for a high quality LCA applied to wet processes, in relation to surface treatment using only a chemical reaction, which is the simplest form of surface treatment. Key factors are emphasized in relation to how the system boundary and functional imits should be set, and how the data needed for input and output data should be collected for inventory analysis. 

Surfaces of metallic materials have to be prepared specially for bonding. Owing to the wide variety of metallic materials no single general surface treatment method can be specified. Suitable methods may be found from the instructions of the adhesive or component manufacturer or from several text books. 

Electrochemical pre-treatment of polymers R H DAHM Recently developed surface treatment methods... 

Further surface treatment methods for PP such as fluorination exist and will be developed in the future. 

During such surface treatments the surface topography is often transformed in a resolution-dependenf manner. It is proposed to use a new transfer function concept to follow quantitatively, and in a resolution-dependent way, the effect of each subsequent surface modification step. This may be helpful, both for the quality control of product surfaces and for the systematic development of specific surface structures based on combinations of existing surface treatment methods. 

H. D. Steffens and W. Brockmann, Aging resistance of light metal bonded joints using new surface treatment methods. Royal Aircraft Estab. Library Trans. No. 1662 (1972). 

New applieations and improved applicability of many fibres used for clothing, industrial materials and interior decoration require the provisions of new properties in areas sueh as dyeability, static resistance, current control, stain resistance, water absorption, hydrophilicity, water repellency, adhesive ability and so on. There are surface treatment methods that additionally increase the value of textile materials. The methods can be classified as chemical treatment (wet) methods and physieal treatment (dry) methods. Chemical treatment methods are most often used in actual practice. Because of the large amount of energy involved and the high consumption of water and consequently increase of pollution, these techniques are costly and not eco-fiiendly. In addition, these processes treat the fabric in bulk, something which is uimecessaiy and may adversely affect overall product performance. Problems related to toxicity and other health hazards have resulted in the replacement of chemical processing by more eco-friendly physical methods. The physical treatment processes are dry, which makes it possible to preserve certain properties intrinsic to textile materials they are likely to affect the surface of the materials. Therefore the researchers are extensively studying the possibilities of physical surface treatments as alternatives to the chemical treatments. 

This process may have technological overlaps with surface treatments methods. Here, the boundaries are not always separated because similar or identical procedures and technologies are used. 

Pickling is a surface treatment method of removing scales or corrosion deposit using acid solution. 

What Are the Surface Treatment Methods of Natural Fibers ... 

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