Lateral mobility

II. F. Sheets of Vacuum Oil Company, who learned of Houdi y s work and shared his vision for converting vaporized petroleum to gasoline catalytically, invited him to the United States. After a successful trial run, Houdry moved his laboratory and associates from France to Paulsboro, New Jersey, to form a joint venture, Iloudiy Process Corporation, with Vacuum Oil Company. In that year Vacuum Oil Company merged with Standard Oil of New York to become Socony-Vacuum Company (much later Mobil Oil Corporation). 

Gingell, D., Owens, N. (1992). How do cells sense and respond to adhesive contacts Diffusion-trapping of laterally mobile membrane proteins at maturating adhesions may initiate signals leading to local cytoskeletal assembly response and lamella formation. J. Cell Sci. 101, 255-266. 

This supposition is experimentally substantiated by Kupriyanov et al. [160], In this work they investigated the influence of RGMAs upon the electrical conductivity of pure zinc oxide films and films activated by microcrystals of gold. The gold was chosen as the activator because of its chemical inactivity and high lateral mobility. This makes it possible to obtain islet films on a ZnO surface at room temperature, thus avoiding probable metallurgical processes. 

Duband, J.-L., Nuckolls, G., Ishihara, A., Hasegawa, T., Yamada, K., Thiery, J.P., and Jacobson, K. (1988) Fibronectin receptor exhibits high lateral mobility in embryonic locomoting cells but is immobile in focal contacts and fibrillar streaks in stationary cells./. Cell Biol. 107, 1385-1396. 

The fluidity of lipid bilayers permits dynamic interactions among membrane proteins. For example, the interactions of a neurotransmitter or hormone with its receptor can dissociate a transducer protein, which in turn will diffuse to interact with other effector proteins (Ch. 19). A given effector protein, such as adenylyl cyclase, may respond differently to different receptors because of mediation by different transducers. These dynamic interactions require rapid protein diffusion within the plane of the membrane bilayer. Receptor occupation can initiate extensive redistribution of membrane proteins, as exemplified by the clustering of membrane antigens consequent to binding bivalent antibodies [8]. In contrast to these examples of lateral mobility, the surface distribution of integral membrane proteins can be fixed by interactions with other proteins. Membranes may also be partitioned into local spatial domains consisting of networks... 

From the modelling results for bilayers composed of unsaturated lipids one can begin to speculate about the various roles unsaturated lipids play in biomembranes. One very well-known effect is that unsaturated bonds suppress the gel-to-liquid phase transition temperature. Unsaturated lipids also modulate the lateral mobility of molecules in the membrane matrix. The results discussed above suggest that in biomembranes the average interpenetration depth of lipid tails into opposite monolayers can be tuned by using unsaturated lipids. Rabinovich and co-workers have shown that the end-to-end distance of multiple unsaturated acyl chains was significantly less sensitive to the temperature than that of saturated acyls. They suggested from this that unsaturated... 

R. D. Tilton, A. P. Gast, and C. R. Robertson, Surface diffusion of interacting proteins. Effect of concentration on the lateral mobility of adsorbed bovine serum albumin, Biophys. J. 58, 1321-1326 (1990). 

Wash cultured cells attached to 35-mm plastic tissue-culture dishes in Dulbecco s PBS, then incubate in a blocking buffer consisting of BSA-PBS for 5 min, and cool to 4°C (see protocol flow chart in Fig. 1). Cooling prevents subsequent endocytosis of any added antibody reagents, as well as minimizing lateral mobility of bound antibody in the plane of the plasma membrane (see Notes 5 and 6). 

Lateral Mobility(Fluidity) of Sulfonate A and B Micelles. The ratio of excimer to monomer fluorescence intensity of pyrene had previously been used to measure the fluidity of biological membranes (8). The ease of excimer formation was correlated with the fluidity of the membrane. The same principle may be applied to the measurement of fluidity in inverted micelles. To this end, we used three pyrene carboxylic acid probes of varying chain length PVA, PNA and... 

Lateral Mobility in Alkarylsulfonate Micelles. In order to make a valid comparison of fluidity between sulfonates A and B, the micellar sizes should be comparable. This condition is required so that equal population of pyrene moieties between the two sulfonate systems can be assumed. Alternatively, the requirements might be met if they have equal aggregation numbers. If the above-mentioned (See Section A under "Results") assumptions regarding polar core composition are reasonable, the condition for equal probe population between the two sulfonate micelles can still be reasonably approximated. 

The lateral mobility experiments demonstrate that the micellar aggregate, excluding polar core, of sulfonate A is less fluid than that of sulfonate B. It would then follow that the sulfonate moieties are less densely packed on the polar core of sulfonate B. 

Variation of lateral mobility (fluidity) and polarity gradient have been reasonably established in certain calcium alkarylsulfonate micelles using 1-pyrene carboxylic acid probes with varying alkyl chain lengths. The existence of a polarity gradient in an inverted micelle may be responsible for the creation of an oxygen concentration gradient. 

Equations (4.44) and (4.45) should not be taken to mean that the adsorbate is necessarily arranged in neat stacks of various heights but rather as an indication of the fraction of surface covered with the equivalent of i molecules regardless of their specific arrangement, lateral mobility, and equilibrium with the vapor phase. 

On the other hand, if the C value is sufficiently small, the adsorbate lateral mobility on the surface will tend to disrupt any tendency for an organized structure to develop and the adsorbed layer might appear more as a two-dimensional gas. 

A very brief description of biological membrane models, and model membranes, is given. Studies of lateral diffusion in model membranes (phospholipid bilayers) and biological membranes are described, emphasizing magnetic resonance methods. The relationship of the rates of lateral diffusion to lipid phase equilibria is discussed. Experiments are reported in which a membrane-dependent immunochemical reaction, complement fixation, is shown to depend on the rates of diffusion of membrane-bound molecules. It is pointed out that the lateral mobilities and distributions of membrane-bound molecules may be important for cell surface recognition. 

In the present section we show how the immunochemistry of model membranes can depend on the lateral mobilities of membrane components. Most of our studies of the immunochemistry of model membranes have taken advantage of the discovery by Humphries and McConnell21 that it is possible to prepare specific antibodies against the paramagnetic nitroxide group... 

In our opinion it is likely that a number of important membrane immunochemical reactions will be found to be dependent on lateral mobility. It will be a challenge to discover whether the lateral mobility of... 

The extent and speed of this agglutination depends on the hapten concentration in the plane of the membrane and on the lateral mobility of the hapten (G. K. H. Humphries, P. Brulet, H. McConnell, unpublished). It is extremely probable that this simple agglutination reaction leads to a change in the membrane shape. 

The primary purpose of this resume format is to show you ve been steadily employed. It can demonstrate upward or lateral mobility in your career path as you have moved from job to job. Assuming you have work experience to properly use this resume format, you will be able to demonstrate career direchon. The job for which you are curently applying should be the next step up from your most recent work experience. 

Specific proteins can be covalently attached via a carbohydrate bridge to membrane-bound PI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol, or GPI). This allows GPI-anchored proteins rapid lateral mobility on the surface of the plasma membrane. A deficiency in the synthesis of GPI in hematopoietic cells results in a hemolytic disease, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. 

All four systems illustrated in Fig. 4 exhibit properties differing from those of cell membranes. Methods a-c have no influence on the head groups and preserve physical properties, such as charge, charge density, etc. The fluidity of the hydrocarbon core, however, is drastically decreased by the polymerization process. In case d, fluidity is not affected, but there is no free choice of head groups. In comparison to biomembranes, all polymerized model membrane systems will show an increase in viscosity and a decrease in lateral mobility of the molecules. 

Proteins and lipids have considerable lateral mobility within membranes. 

Some proteins of eukaryotic plasma membranes are connected to the cytoskeleton this connection inhibits their lateral mobility with the membrane. 

It has been demonstrated 54) that the dependency of viscosity upon elongation velocity varies significantly in its character with alteration of the lateral (transverse) mobility of macromolecules. In case there is no lateral mobility of macromolecules, the longitudinal viscosity strictly decreases under tension (see Fig. 11) which corresponds to prognostications proceeding from the Doi-Edvards theory. In case there is a lateral mobility of macromolecules, an insignificant maximum or monotonous increase in longitudinal viscosity of the medium with increase in extension velocity is observed. 

Fig. 11. Longitudinal viscosity at different values of the parameter of lateral mobility of macromolecules b...

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