Supplementary Tests

Recent reviews on the laboratory aspects of thyrotropin (TSH) assay have been published by Hall (H4) and Raud and Odell (Rl), so that it is only necessary here to discuss some aspects of the application of TSH assay. The key role of TSH in the control of thyroid secretion has been outlined in Section 2.4, and it is clear that TSH assays are of importance in the diagnosis of thyroid disorders, especially where thyroid hypofunction is involved. When combined with some form of stimulus, such as thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), TSH levels are also useful in the investigation of thyrotoxicosis. 

As expected, in idiopathic hypothyroidism, because of failure of negative feedback from thyroid hormones on the thyrotrophes, serum TSH levels have been found to be elevated. However, the difficulty arises on attempting to answer the question What is the normal range for serum TSH The difficulty, in other words, is in defining what constitutes 

A patient with clinical hypothyroidism who does not have an elevated serum TSH concentration must have hypothyroidism secondary to either hypothalamic or pituitary disease. A finding of an undetectable TSH level per se does not distinguish these patients from normal because of the insensitivity of the assay. A TRH stimulation test may identify the site of the primary dysfunction, whether pituitary or hypothalamus (see Section 5.3). 

In patients with untreated thyrotoxicosis, the TSH should be zero, but many normal subjects too have undetectable TSH levels. The com- 

Measurement of the thyroid uptake of radioactive iodine has for many years been a useful supplement to thyroid function tests on blood. While thyroid uptake tests are not usually part of the services oflFered by a clinical chemistry department, they should always be considered in relation to the clinical chemistry tests, and therefore a brief discussion on them is relevant in this review. 

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The animal species chosen for the later nonclinical safety studies should be responsive to the pharmacodynamic action(s). If the standard laboratory species are not responsive, the applicant should justify the choice of species selected or any supplementary tests if these are deemed appropriate. 

There are a number of other good short-term systems, some of which have been extensively tested. If the tier tests lead to inconsistent, ambiguous, or doubtful results, it may be desirable to use other short-term tests these may resolve the doubts without the necessity for mouse tests. Another reason for using supplementary tests is that the primary tests may be inappropriate for a particular chemical for example, one may not want to test insecticides in Drosophila. 

The success of a mutagen assessment program depends strongly on the efficacy of the screening system, for most of the decisions regarding individual chemicals must be made on the basis of short-term screening tests. The criteria for choosing test systems are discussed in Chapter 6. On the basis of these criteria, the Committee has selected a set of tests, listed as "principal shortterm tests" in Table 9-1. Confirmatory rodent tests and supplementary tests are also listed. 

Many of the tests listed as supplementary in Table 9-1 have very desirable properties. With further research and validation, we can expect the set of useful tests to increase further. It may often be possible to resolve ambiguous, inconsistent, or doubtful cases by further tests and perhaps in this way avoid using mouse tests. Supplementary tests are also useful when the primary tests... 

It was also sound in a supplementary test that glycine betaine serves to produce a delicate flavor. Proline, taurine, and TMAO, although their concentrations are remarkably high, contribute little to the taste, as do the other minor components. It was thereby confirmed that a synthetic extract containing the above twelve components could reproduce the crab-like taste, although it is weaker than that of the mixture containing all the constituents listed in Table VII. 

Psychometric test set (E. Kuntz, h.-D. Kuntz) This test set facilitates psychodiagnostic monitoring of potential liver-diseased patients, identification of SHE and control of therapeutic measures. In some cases, the very simple four basic tests can be evaluated in their overall assessment with even greater reliability by means of supplementary tests, which are likewise easy to implement. (19) (s. tab. 10.7)... 

Should it be impossible to assess the presence of SHE by means of these tests, some additional, basic supplementary tests can be applied at the surgery. They require no test materials. The time needed for each test is roughly 3 or 4 minutes. 

Another psychometric supplementary test that can be used is the retelling of a story. Here the patient s shortterm memory, perceptive faculties and logical thinking are tested. 

Methods of analysis (ASTM D-128, IP 37) are available for the measurement of excessive acidity derived from oxidation. These methods cover conventional grease that consists essentially of petroleum oil and soap. Thus these test methods are applicable to many types but not all grease. The constituents covered by the test series are soap, unsaponifiable matter (base oil), water, free alkalinity, free fatty acid, fat, glycerin, and insoluble. A supplementary test method is also provided and is intended for application to grease that contains thickeners that are essentially insoluble in n-hexane and to grease that cannot be analyzed by conventional methods because of the presence of such constituents as nonpetroleum fluids or nonsoap-type thickeners, or both. These methods may not be applicable to grease analysis when lead, zinc, or aluminum soaps are present or in the presence of some additives such as sodium nitrite. 

The tests carried out are designed to give the maximum information from the minimum number of tests with supplementary tests being carried out if the need arises. Interpretation of results and, where necessary, a recommended course of action are part of the lubricant supplier s responsibilities [28]. The reasons for carrying out tests and the information they can give are outlined in the following sections. 

Moreover, the directive anticipates a supplementary test in order to guarantee the durability of anti-pollution systems. Vehicles will have to take the test after 80,000 km and will have to comply to the same standards as those applicable to new cars. At last, limits for vehicles evaporative emissions cue also given. 

Some examples of products requiring supplementary testing procedures are given in Table 8.3. The list is not comprehensive, as further examples can readily be added, but it should indicate some of the supplementary types of investigations which may be needed for certain products, both before and after storage and use. 

Table 8.3 Products requiring supplementary testing procedures Product Test...

It is to be recognized that the data provided by these simplified procedures have limited significance. Their main value is that eluants and conditions of no value can be eliminated from further consideration. Conclusions reached from these simplified procedures —as to the best eluants and conditions—should be confirmed by a supplementary test using the full adsorption-desorption procedure on the substance to be processed. This is especially necessary when the preliminary studies employ a synthetically prepared solution these studies, do not fully reflect the behavior of a substance when present in industrial or biological preparations containing coadsorbates. 

The stability profile of each product, in its Australian sales pack, should be available. Where it is not, it should be determined according to a written stability program. The profile should be verified at appropriate intervals by supplementary testing of further batches of product. The program should include dissolution, microbiological and preservative efficacy testing where appropriate. 

With the appearance of modified bitumen, there was a necessity to establish supplementary tests. Thus, cohesion tests, the elastic recovery test and storage stability tests have been added. 

As noted above, the basic R D work, to prove the feasibility and practicality, has been completed, some supplementary testing, to support the detailed design, is planned, and "component"-related tests and a large-scale integrated system test, for final verification before start of construction, are envisaged for the future. 

Phenol-formaldehyde resin included in standard or supplementary test series should be of the resol type, as this type of resin contains higher levels of potent allergens than novolac resins. 

It is a peculiar feature of energy dissipation measurements that the nature of the transition responsible for the dispersion (first or second order, amorphous or crystalline phase) cannot be deduced without making supplementary tests. While in many cases this was done, the conclusions are not always unequivocal, and so the values are simply listed in descending order with no attempt to specify the order of the transition or the phase responsible. 

Where the competent person needs to satisfy himself as to the condition of internal component parts he can require tixe plant to be dismantled. In addition, whenever considered necessary the visual examination can be supplemented by other supplementary tests such as non-destructive testing of components to determine their internal or surface condition without causing any detrimental change in the material. 

The evaluations of the behaviour of various metallic materials from more than 30 plants used to treat sewage sludges with the wet oxidation process after more than 5 years and supplementary test results showed that Hastelloy alloy C-276 (2.4819, NiMol6Crl5W) and Inconel alloy 625 (2.4856, NiCr22Mo9Nb) are resistant under the corresponding operating conditions with up to 1000 mg/1 chloride. 

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