Sulfur mustard chemical

Delayed-acting chemical Sulfur mustard Blistering, redness, swelling 2 to 24 hours... 

The interplay between the chemical and biological properties of the threat agent, on the one hand, and the specific attack scenario, on the other, can influence the lethality of the attack. Table 2-2 shows the relative respiratory toxicities (expressed as the lethal concentration of toxin at which 50 percent of test animals are killed, or LCT50, in milligrams per minute per cubic meter) of a variety of toxic gases compared with chlorine gas, which was used as a chemical weapon in World War I. According to Table 2-2, the nerve agent sarin (GB) has a respiratory toxicity approximately 100 times that of chlorine, while sulfur mustard (HD) is about 7 times more toxic. However, the lethality of an attack... 

Interim Recommendations for Airborne Exposure Limits for Chemical Warfare Agents H and HD (Sulfur Mustard)." Federal Register 69, No. 85 (May 3,2004) 24164-24168. 

Dermal (skin) contact with sulfur mustard agents causes erythema and lesions (blistering), while contact with vapor may result in first and second degree burns contact with liquid typically produces second and third degree chemical burns. Any burn area covering 25 percent or more of the body surface area may be fatal. Respiratory contact is a dose-related factor in the sense that inflammatory reactions in the upper and lower airway begin to develop several hours after exposure and progress over several days. 

TRADE NAME AND SYNONYMS T Sulfur Mustard (Vesicant) CHEMICAL FAMILY Chlorinated Sulfur Compound FORMULA/CHEMICAL STRUCTURE C8H16C120S2... 

Support Function Protective Clothing for Hazardous Chemicals Operations - NFPA 1993. Quincy, MA. Technical Bulletin - Assay Techniques for Detection of Exposure To Sulfur Mustard, Cholinesterase Inhibitors, Terrorism Incident Annex to the Federal Response Plan. Washington, D.C. 1995. 

Names such as mustard gas, sulfur mustard, and yperite have also been applied to this agent. The term mustard gas is often used, but the chemical is a liquid at ambient temperature. 

Synonyms Sulfur mustard bis-2-chloroethyl sulfide di-2-chloroethyl sulfide l,l-thiobis(2-chloroethane) chemical agent symbol HD... 

Mustard gas (H)—also known as yellow cross, yperite, sulfur mustard, Schwefellost, bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, and dichlor-diethylsulfide—is a chemical-warfare agent with both vesicant and systemic effects. H is colorless and almost odorless and is an oily liquid at 14-215°C with a molecular weight of 159.08. Except in extremely cold weather, the low vapor pressure (0.072 mm Hg at 20°C) and low volatility of H are sufficient to make contaminated surfaces a source of danger to anyone nearby. H is slightly soluble... 

Because of the correlation between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, one would expect sulfur mustard to be carcinogenic on the basis of mutagenicity data alone. This expectation is borne out by carcinogenicity tests in experimental animals and by data from human exposures. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies sulfur mustard as one of relatively few chemical agents on which the data are adequate to show an association with the induction of cancer in humans.7... 

Gates, M. and Moore, S. Mustard gas and other sulfur mustards. IN Chemical Warfare Agents, and Related Chemical Problems, 2 vol. (Sutmnary Technical Report of Division 9, National Defense Research Committee) Washington, D.C. Office of Scientific Research and Development. 1946. p. 30-58. 

The world community has its own Scheduled chemical list with regard to agents of chemical warfare. Schedule I refers to those substances used exclusively for warfare such as the nerve gases, sulfur mustards, nitrogen mustards, and Lewisites. These are overtly banned. 

R.M. Black, R.J. Clarke, D.B. Cooper, R.W. Read and D. Utley, Application of headspace analysis, solvent extraction, thermal desorption and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to the analysis of chemical warfare samples containing sulfur mustard and related compounds, J. Chromatogr., 637, 71-80 (1993). 

The metabolism of nerve agents is much simpler than that of sulfur mustard. The major pathway for elimination is via enzyme-mediated hydrolysis by esterases, plus some chemical hydrolysis, as shown in Figure 10. In the case of the methylphosphonofluoridates and V agents, the major product is an alkyl methylphosphonic acid (alkyl MPA) (16). A small fraction of the nerve agent binds... 

Figure 2. N7-Deoxyguanosine adduct of sulfur mustard and derived N7-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)guanine (N7-HETE-Gua). (Reprinted from Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 184, D. Noort, H.P. Benschop and R.M. Black, Biomonitoring of Exposure to Chemical Warfare Agents A Review, pages 116-126 (2002), with permission from Elsevier Science.)...

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