Suction equipment

The procedure for the suction of samples, depending on the requirements of the sampling apparatus, is effected by the following devices  

For taking fairly small sample volumes (up to 2 1), which are generally analysed simultaneously with the sampling procedure, hand pumps are frequently used (such as those supplied by the company Drager). Large-volume syringes may also be used for such volumes. 

For taking volumes of approximately 10 1, different aspirator systems [7] are used. The principle of their design and function is shown in Fig. 5.22. 

The use of water pumps in sampling equipment presents no problems under laboratory conditions with respect to performance and the vacuum obtained. For safety reasons as well as the considerable water consumption, their long-term use is, however, avoided. Their principal disadvantage is that they cannot be installed under field conditions. 

Membrane pumps are the most extensively used suction units commonly included in commercial sampling devices, and they operate with a range of power outputs. Czechoslovak membrane pumps (Chemoprojekt, Prague), Hungarian pumps of the type MIKI G-13 and membrane pumps from companies Hartmann-Braun and Austen are examples of such pumps in general 

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Promoting an Optimal Response to Therapy Depending on die patient s condition, die nurse may use cardiac monitoring, artificial ventilation (respirator), and odier drag s during and after the administration of naloxone It is important to keep suction equipment readily available because abrupt reversal of narcotic depression may cause vomiting. The nurse must maintain a patent airway and should suction die patient as needed. 

Class 11a, for example, suction equipment, feeding pumps, anaesthesia machines, ventilators, hearing aids... 

Figure 26.8 (A) Suction equipment for TLC. (B) Equipment for polarography of small volumes 1, upper part of ground joint 2, mantle of the ground joint 3, electrolysis cell 4, water container sealing the inner space. [From Ref. 84.]...

Respiratory System Portable ventilators with backup power, oxygen equipment, portable suction equipment, and suction catheters... 

Equipment is usually charged to the client. The nurse should first determine if suction equipment is needed prior to setting it up. 

Suctioning equipment Suctioning technique Risk management ... 

A simple apparatus for sublimation in a stream of air or of inert gas is shown in Fig. II, 45, 3.. d is a two-necked flask equipped with a narrow inlet tube B with stopcock and a wide tube C 12-15 inm. in diameter. The latter is fitted to a sintered glass crucible and the usual adapter and suction flask E. A well-fitting filter paper is placed on the sintered glass filter plate to collect any sublimate carried by the gas stream. 

The experimental conditions for conducting the above reaction in the presence of dimethylformamide as a solvent are as follows. In a 250 ml. three-necked flask, equipped with a reflux condenser and a tantalum wire Hershberg-type stirrer, place 20 g. of o-chloronitrobenzene and 100 ml. of diinethylform-amide (dried over anhydrous calcium sulphate). Heat the solution to reflux and add 20 g. of activated copper bronze in one portion. Heat under reflux for 4 hours, add another 20 g. portion of copper powder, and continue refluxing for a second 4-hour period. Allow to cool, pour the reaction mixture into 2 litres of water, and filter with suction. Extract the solids with three 200 ml. portions of boiling ethanol alternatively, use 300 ml. of ethanol in a Soxhlet apparatus. Isolate the 2 2- dinitrodiphenyl from the alcoholic extracts as described above the 3ueld of product, m.p. 124-125°, is 11 - 5 g. 

Equip a 500 ml. three-necked flask with an efficient stirrer (e.g., a Hershberg stirrer. Fig. II, 7, 8) and a reflux condenser stopper the third neck. Place a solution of 30 g. of sodium hydroxide in 100 ml. of water, and also 20-5 g. (17-1 ml.) of pure nitrobenzene in the flask, immerse it in a water bath maintained at 55-60°, and add 21 g. of anhydrous dextrose in small portions, with continuous stirring, during 1 hour. Then heat on a boiUng water bath for 2 hours. Pour the hot mixture into a 1 litre round-bottomed flask and steam distil (Fig. II, 40, 1) to remove aniline and nitrobenzene. When the distillate is clear (i.e., after about 1 htre has been collected), pour the residue into a beaker cooled in an ice bath. The azoxybenzene soon sohdifies. Filter with suction, grind the lumps of azoxybenzene in a mortar, wash with water, and dry upon filter paper or upon a porous plate. The yield of material, m.p. 35-35-5°, is 13 g. Recrystallise from 7 ml. of rectified spirit or of methyl alcohol the m.p. is raised to 36°. ... 

Equip a 1 Utre three-necked flask or a 1 litre bolt- head flask with a reflux condenser and a mercury-sealed stirrer. Dissolve 50-5 g. of commercial 2 4-dinitro-l-chlorobenzene in 250 ml. of rectified spirit in the flask, add the hydrazine solution, and reflux the mixture with stirring for an hour. Most of the condensation product separates during the first 10 minutes. Cool, filter with suction, and wash with 50 ml. of warm (60°) rectified spirit to remove unchanged dinitrochlorobenzene, and then with 50 ml. of hot water. The resulting 2 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (30 g.) melts at 191-192° (decomp.), and is pure enough for most purposes. Distil oflF half the alcohol from the filtrate and thus obtain a less pure second crop (about 12 g.) recrystallise this from n-butyl alcohol (30 ml. per gram). If pure 2 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine is required, recrystallise the total yield from n-butyl alcohol or from dioxan (10 ml. per gram) this melts at 200° (decomp.). 

Place a mixture of 125 ml. of A.R. benzene and 32 -5 g. of di-re-butyl d-tartrate (1) in a 500 ml. three-uccked flask, equipped with a Hershberg stirrer (Section 11,7) and a thermometer. Stir the mixture rapidly and add 58 g. of lead tetra-acetate (Section 11,50,15) in small portions over a period of 20 minutes whilst maintaining the temperature below 30° by occasional cooling with cold water. Continue the stirring for a further 60 minutes. Separate the salts by suction filtration and wash with two... 

Girard s reagent P , C5H5NCH2C0NHNH2 C1. In a 1-htre threenecked flask, equipped as in the previous preparation, place 200 ml. of absolute ethyl alcohol, 63 g. (64 -5 ml.) of pure anhydrous pyridine and 98 - 5 g. (84 5 ml.) of ethyl chloroacetate. Heat the mixture under reflux for 2-3 hours until the formation of the quaternary salt is complete acidify a small test-portion with dilute sulphuric acid it should dissolve completely and no odour of ethyl chloroacetate should be apparent. Cool the mixture in ice and salt. Replace the thermometer by a dropping funnel, and add a solution of 40 g. of 100 per cent, hydrazine hydrate in 60 ml. of absolute ethanol all at once. A vigorous exothermic reaction soon develops and is accompanied by vigorous effervescence. The pro duct separates almost immediately. When cold, filter with suction, wash... 

In a 1 litre round-bottomed flask, equipped with an air condenser, place a mixture of 44 g. of o-chlorobenzoic acid (Section IV,157) (1), 156 g. (153 ml.) of redistilled aniline, 41 g. of anhydrous potassium carbonate and 1 g. of cupric oxide. Reflux the mixture in an oil bath for 2 hours. Allow to cool. Remove the excess of aniline by steam distillation and add 20 g. of decolourising carbon to the brown residual solution. Boil the mixture for 15 minutes, and filter at the pump. Add the filtrate with stirring to a mixture of 30 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 60 ml. of water, and allow to cool. Filter off the precipitated acid with suction, and dry to constant weight upon filter paper in the air. The yield of iV-phenylanthranilic acid, m.p. 181-182° (capillary tube placed in preheated bath at 170°), is 50 g. This acid is pure enough for most purposes. It may be recrystaUised as follows dissolve 5 g. of the acid in either 25 ml. of alcohol or in 10 ml. of acetic acid, and add 5 ml. of hot water m.p. 182-183°. 

Place 1 55 g. of clean sodium in a 250 ml. round-bottomed flask equipped with a reflux condenser. Add 40 ml. of absolute alcohol (or rectified spirit). If all the sodium has not disappeared after the vigorous reaction has subsided, warm the flask on a water bath until solution is complete. Cool the mixture and add 10 g. of p-acetylaminophenol. Introduce 15 g. (8 ml.) of ethyl iodide slowly through the condenser and reflux the mixture for 45-60 minutes. Pour 100 ml. of water through the condenser at such a rate that the crystalline product does not separate if crystals do separate, reflux the mixture until they dissolve. Then cool the flask in an ice bath collect the crude phenacetin with suction and wash with a little cold water. Dissolve the crude product in 80 ml. of rectified spirit if the solution is coloured, add 2 g. of decolourising carbon and filter. Treat the clear solution with 125 ml. of hot water and allow to cool. Collect the pure phenacetin at the pump and dry in the air. The yield is 9-5 g., m.p. 137°. 

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