Succinic acid, sodium salt

Synonyms Butanedioic acid disodium salt Disodium butanedioate Disodium succinate (INCI) Succinic acid disodium salt Succinic acid sodium salt... 

Succinic acid sodium salt. See Sodium succinate... 

The most commonly used salts in vaccine formulations are sodium chloride, sodium phosphate, succinic acid, and sodium borate. The concentrations of the salts used in any given formulation are based on isotonicity, pH, and other stabilizers being used in the formulations. A typical range is from 5 to 20 mM salt concentration. These concentrations are also selected to reduce pain on injection and to accord rapid normalization with physiological fluid. Surfactants used in MF59 emulsion include Tween 80 and sorbitan trioleate. 

With some acids (e.g., succinic acid and sulphanilic acid) more satisfactory results are obtained by reversing the order of mixing, i.e., by adding the solution of the sodium salt of the acid to the reagent. It should be pointed out that the melting points of the derivatives as determined on the electric hot plate (Fig. II, 11, 1) may differ by 2-3° from those obtained by the capillary tube method. In view of the proximity of the melting points of the derivatives of many acids, the mixed m.p. test (Section 1,17) should be applied. 

Ammonium Salts. — 1 gm. of succinic acid, on being heated with 10 cc. of sodium hydroxide solution (sp. gr. 1.3), should liberate no ammonia (to be ascertained with moist litmus paper). 

Adipic acid has been prepared by the following methods the action of silver1 or copper 2 on /3-iodopropionic acid the reduction of mucic add with phosphorus and iodine 3 the electrolysis of the potassium or sodium salts of monoethyl succinate 4 the condensation of ethylene chloride or bromide with malonic ester or cyanoacetic ester and subsequent hydrolysis 5 the oxidation of certain fractions of Baku petroleum 6 the oxidation of cyclohexanol or cyclohexanone with nitric acid 7 or potassium permanganate.8... 

The mixed ethyl hydrogen 2-(2-pyridylaminomethylene)succinate 154 gave the sodium salt of 4-oxo-4//-pyrido[l,2- ]pyrimidine-3-acetic acid 155 in ethanolic sodium ethylate for 15 minutes at room temperature in 35% yield [88JCS(P1)2019],... 

One molecular proportion of glycyrrhetinic acid hydrogen succinate was ground with a dilute (5%) aqueous solution containing two molecular proportions of sodium hydroxide. The solution was filtered and evaporated in vacuum over concentrated sulfuric acid. The sodium salt is then obtained as a creamy white water-soluble solid. Glycyrrhetinic acid is obtainable from licorice root. 

Diorgano tellurium dicarboxylates were prepared from dialkyl and diaryl tellurium derivatives. Aliphatic carboxylic acids, aromatic carboxylic acids, their sodium or silver salts, and carboxylic acid anhydrides were used as reagents. Dicarboxylic acids such as succinic acid and phthalic acid were reported to give monomeric carboxylates when... 

Ferrous sulphide may, however, be precipitated from solutions of ferrous salts in the presence of sodium acetate—a fact that was known to Gay-Lussac—and even from ferrous acetate in the presence of acetic acid, and from solutions of iron in citric or succinic acids.7... 

Highly conjugated diphenylpolyenes, CjHj (CH= CH) C sHs, are obtained directly from the condensation of olefinic aldehydes such as cin-namaldehyde, C Hj CH=CHCHO, with sodium salts of phenylacetic or succinic acids in the presence of lead oxide and acetic anhydride. ° The unsaturated acids first formed are decarboxylated under the conditions of the condensation. 

In the thiophene series, phosphorus sulfide converts 1,4-diketones and sodium salts of succinic and alkylsuccinic acids to the five-membered heterocyclic compounds. The yields are low, usually 20-30% from the succinates and 60% from the diketones. 

Water solubility can be greatly improved by the standard ploy of esterification with succinic acid and conversion to the sodium salt. Applied to compound (155), this technique gives sodium artesunate (158), a water-soluble prodrug that may be given intravenously (196). It may be assumed that hydrolysis occurs in vivo to give back (155) as the active antimalarial because (156) has been shown to be unstable in aqueous solution and because analogous carboxylic acids with a nonhydro-lyzable ether link are relatively inactive. 

German name, Trauben-saure, is derived from the word for grapes. It is probable that it does not exist in grapes as racemic acid but that it is formed from the dextro acid as this transformation can easily be effected by the action of acids or even by water alone. When tartaric acid is prepared synthetically from succinic acid, from glyoxal, or from malic, maleic or fumaric acids either racemic acid or meso-tartaric acid is always formed. That is, synthetic reactions result in the formation of an inactive form. The methods of splitting racemic acid into its optically active components has been fully discussed. The sodium-ammonium racemate is the only salt that is of importance. This has been spoken of in connection with the method of splitting racemic acid into its components.. Like the free acid this salt exists, in dilute solution, as equal molecular parts of the dextro and levo forms. Only in concentrated solution does it exist as the racemate itself. 

This acid, the inactive by intra-molecular compensation and un-resolvable into optically active components, was first obtained by Pasteur by heating the cinchonine salt of dextro tartaric acid, to 170 . It may also be prepared by boiling the dextro tartaric acid with an excess of hydrochloric acid, or with sodium hydroxide. Also by long boiling with water alone or by heating with a small amount of water to 165°. When di-brom succinic acid is treated with silver hydroxide, or when malic acid is oxidized, in the presence of water, both meso-tartaric acid and racemic acid are formed. When meso-tartaric acid is heated to 200° it is partly converted into racemic acid. Meso-tartaric acid crystallizes in rectangular plates with one molecule of water. The water free acid melts at i40°-i45°. 

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate dioctyl sodium sulfo-succinate DSS sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate sulfo-butane-dioic acid l,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester, sodium salt. 

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