Subsidiaries

Wuftz synthesis Alkyl halides react with sodium in dry ethereal solution to give hydrocarbons. If equimolecular amounts of two different halides are used, then a mixture of three hydrocarbons of the types R — R, R — R and R —R, where R and R represent the original radicals, will be formed. The yields are often poor owing to subsidiary reactions taking place. 

In considering these results and the explanation suggested for them, it may first be noticed that some of the subsidiary points in the argument... 

When a substituent is itself substituted, all the subsidiary substituents are named as prefixes and the entire assembly is regarded as a parent radical. 

Acrolein is a DOT Flammable Liquid having subsidiary DOT hazard classifications of Poison B and Corrosive Material. It is also an inhalation hazard that falls under the special packaging requirements of 49 CER 173.3a. 

Premium 2irconia powders cost from U.S. 55 to 100/kg. Suppliers include Ferro and Z-Tech (a subsidiary of ICI) Japanese sources of powders include Toyo Soda Manufacturing Company (now Tosoh) and Daichi Kigenso. 

A worldwide Hst of spandex fiber and related elastomer producers is shown in Table 2. Most process developments have occurred in the United States, Germany, Japan, and Korea. A large proportion of worldwide capacity is controlled by Du Pont, either directly or through subsidiaries and joint ventures. These include three plants in North America, two in South America, two in Europe, and two in Asia. 

Fine chemical companies are generally either small and privately held or divisions of larger companies, such as Eastman Fine Chemicals (United States) and Lonza (Switzerland). Examples of large public fife science companies, which market fine chemicals as a subsidiary activity to their production for captive use, are Hoffmann-La Roche, Sandoz, and Boehringer Ingelheim, which produce and market bulk vitamins and liquid crystal intermediates, dyestuff intermediates, and bulk active ingredients, respectively. Table 3 fists some representative companies having an important fine chemical business. 

A subsidiary of lEC and Toshiba Corp. called ONSI Corp. was formed for the commercial development, production, and marketing of packaged PAEC power plants of up to 1-MW capacities. ONSI is commercially manufacturing 200-kW PAEC systems for use in a PC25 power plant. The power plants are manufactured in a highly automated faciHty, using robotic techniques to assemble the repeating electrode, bipolar separator, etc, units into the fuel cell stack. 

Shipment of hydrazine solutions is regulated in the United States by the Department of Transportation (DOT) which classifies all aqueous solutions between 64.4 and 37% N2H4 as "Corrosive" materials with a subsidiary risk of "Poison". Hydrazine has been identified by both the Environmental Protection Agency and the DOT as a hazardous material and has been assigned a reportable quantity (RQ) of 0.450 kg (1 lb) if spilled. Dmms for the shipment of these solutions must bear both the DOT specification "Corrosive" and "Poison" labels in association with the markings "RQ Hydrazine Aqueous Solution UN 2030." Aqueous solutions of 37% concentration or less are a hazard Class 6.1, UN 3293, Packing Group III and require "Keep Away From Food" placards and labels. 

Dead Sea Works Process. The Dead Sea Works, a subsidiary of Israel Chemicals Ltd., aimounced plans ia 1992 to constmct a 25,000 t/yr magnesium plant at Beer-Sheva, Israel. The plant, to be based on Russian camaHite technology, is designed to use an existing potash plant as the source of camaHte. The chlorine by-product can be either Hquefted and sold, or used ia an existing bromine plant. Waste streams from the camaHite process, as well as spent electrolyte from the electrolytic cells, can be returned to the potash plant. 

The role of the U.S. government in international standardi2ation activities has been examined by a special ASTM task force (46). The addresses of these organi2ations or thek subsidiary standards groups are as follows. 

A subsidiary of Lurgi AG, formerly Davy McKee AG (Bamag). 

Iron oxide is also used for nonpigmentary applications, eg, ferrites (qv) and foundry sands making total world demand for iron oxide close to 1 X 10 t. The principal worldwide producers of iron oxide pigments are Bayer AG (ca 300,000 t/yr worldwide), and Harcros Pigments Inc., a subsidiary of Harrisons Crosfield PLC. In the United States, Bayer produces the Bayferrox line of iron oxide pigments in New Martinsville (see Iron compounds). 

Some U.S. natural gas pipeline companies are subsidiaries of gas hoi ding companies. The largest U.S. natural gas pipeline companies, in terms of overall length of transmission systems are Northern Natural Gas Company, 26,539 km Tennessee Gas Pipeline Corporation, 23,567 km Columbia Gas Transmission Company, 18,481 km Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America, 17,200 km and Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corporation, 17,071 km. For gas moved in 1994, the four largest pipelines were ANR Pipeline Company, 95,278 x 10 m (3,363,275 MMcf), of which 40.8% was gas moved for others Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corporation, 87, 050 x 10 m (3,073,801 MMcf), of which 99.7% was moved for others Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America, 83,089 x 10 m (2,933,940 MMcf), of which 87.1% was moved for others and Northern Natural Gas Company, 56, 523 x 10 m ... 

Douhle-Pipe (DBP 1191), Penn Alert ESP, a subsidiary of Midwesco, Inc., Niles, hi., 1991. 

If the total alkyds consumed in recent years is classified by their dibasic acid component, about 50% belongs to the unmodified phthaHc type, about 28% modified phthaHc type, about 13% based on isophthaHc, and the balance based on polybasic acids other than phthaHc or isophthaHc. The top alkyd resin manufacturers in the U.S. are Cargill, Reichhold, a subsidiary of Dainippon Ink Chemicals, Inc., and Spencer KeUog, now a part of NL Industries, Inc. The median price (52,53), of general types of alkyd resin, soHds base, was 1.98/kg in Nov. 1990 compared to about 440 in 1955, about 660 in 1975, and about 1.54 in 1983, reflecting the increases in raw material cost. 

Future Developments. The most recent advance in detergent alkylation is the development of a soHd catalyst system. UOP and Compania Espanola de Petroleos SA (CEPSA) have disclosed the joint development of a fixed-bed heterogeneous aromatic alkylation catalyst system for the production of LAB. Petresa, a subsidiary of CEPSA, has announced plans for the constmction of a 75,000 t/yr LAB plant in Quebec, Canada, that will use the UOP / -paraffin dehydrogenation process and the new fixed-bed alkylation process (85). 

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