Subsidiary maxima

The film thickness of epitaxial and highly textured thin films can be measured with XRD. Close to the usual or primary difftaction peaks there are secondary or subsidiary maxima in the difftacted intensity (see Figure 6), which are due to the finite film thickness. The film thickness is inversely proportional to the spacing between these maxima and is easily calculated. X-ray reflectivity is another accurate method for measuring a film s thickness. 

In a typical ramped cure, the specimen begins with a relatively small loss factor, which initially increases as the temperature is increased due to a decrease in viscosity, but which later decreases due to the effects of cure. This has been illustrated schematically in Fig. 18 38), where the topmost curve represents the initial increase and subsequent decrease of the actual bulk tan 8 for a specimen during cure. The remaining curves are the values of tan 8 that would be observed experimentally in the presence of either an electrode polarization layer or an added blocking/release layer for various values of the ratio L/2tb. Note that even a thin release layer, for example a 25 pm (.001") layer placed between 5 mm spaced plates, results in an L/2tb ratio of 100. Examination of Fig. 18 shows that for this value of L/2tb, the maximum value of tan 8 actually produces a minimum in the experimental tan 8X, and that two subsidiary maxima appear in tan 8X. 

But the observed image is given by g (x ), which is plotted in Figure 1.12(c). Removing the central beam has made the heights of the subsidiary maxima equal to the heights of the principal maxima, and so the... 

Radial distributions determine the energy of an electron in an atom. As the average distance from the nucleus increases, an electron becomes less tightly bound. The subsidiary maxima at smaller distances are not significant in hydrogen, but are important in understanding the energies in many-electron atoms (see Topic A3). 

This gives the total transverse magnetization in any direction it is, of course, always positive. We see from this plot the characteristic nulls and subsidiary maxima as the offset increases. 

Conjugation of double bonds brings the absorption bands into the easily accessible region. Extinction coefficients increase with increasing conjugation. With three or more conjugated double bonds, the absorption shows three peaks, a main one and subsidiary maxima on either side. The peaks are spread further apart as the number of double bonds increases. UV spectra are particularly valuable for the analysis of carotenoids. 

Fig. 16. Projection plot of the scattering traces obtained during two cycles of assembly and disassembly of microtubules in a temperature-jump experiment using synchrotron radiation and a position-sensitive linear detector [138]. Note the changes of I(Q) at low Q and also in the subsidiary maxima. At 4°C, rings of tubulin predominate. At 37 ° C, microtubules in the form of hollow cylinders predominate in the sample.

Guggenheimer et al. observed the elastic scattering of 6.3 MeV deuterons from 0 and and Middleton and Tai obtained both elastic and inelastic distributions from Ne with 8 MeV deuterons. All these distributions, like those from carbon, show a rise at forward angles and subsidiary maxima which... 

Examination of the intensity curve calculated for the 60/20/20 point model (fig. 6a) shows a maximum at (d=) 6.8l, a doublet at 3.38 and 3.1oX, and a further maximum at 2.1A. The subsidiary maxima around the origin and the peak at 2.lA arise because the calculations are for a limited lattice of 10 points, albeit a distorted lattice. The agreement for the observed strong intensity maxima is very good, within O.lX, and the peak at 6.8A is broad enough to encompass both of the weak maxima observed in the 6 - region. It must be remembered that with a point model we can only hope to match the peak positions an atomic model is necessary before we can compare the intensities. 

The second case is when in expression (k/N) both numbers are integers, but are not divisible by each other. This gives the so-called subsidiary maxima of small intensity, which are obtained due to diffraction only on a single-grating slit. As a result, the spectrum consists of a rear strong main and many weak subsidiary maxima, as shown in Figure 6.17a. 

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