Submersion doses

In some cases the term submersion doses may not be appropriate because what is generally meant with this expression are the doses of direct radiation from a cloud of radioactive substances travelling in the vicinity. Here xenon-133 (important for accidents to reactors or to gaseous waste decay tanks) and tritium ( H, important for fusion machines, for example) are... 

Under the Q system a series of exposure routes are considered, each of which might lead to radiation exposure, either external or internal, to persons in the vicinity of a Type A package involved in a severe transport accident. The dosimetric routes are illustrated schematically in Eig. I.l and lead to five contents limit values Q, Qg, Q, Qp and Qg, for external photon dose, external beta dose, inhalation dose, skin and ingestion dose due to contamination transfer, and submersion dose, respectively. Contents limits for special form alpha and neutron emitters and tritium are considered separately. 

For the effective dose coefficient for submersion dose due to gaseous isotopes see Table 1.1 of Appendix 1. 

It is necessary to pump water at 70°F (Pv = 0.35 psia) from a well that is 150ft deep, at a flow rate of 25 gpm. You do not have a submersible pump, but you do have a centrifugal pump with the required capacity that cannot be submerged. If a 1 in. sch 40 pipe is used, and the NPSH of the pump is 15 ft,... 

Without question, the incidental and taken-for-granted character of the lawn puts it at a low priority, at least for daily concern or worry. Somewhat ironically, this tends to lead to a defaulting decision to apply chemicals(or hire a company to do it), largely indiscriminately. The hectic hves of residents make the submersion of anxiety easier to reconcile. For several of the residents, this taken-for-granted character of the lawn is reinforced by an insistence that the lawn has little to do with the life of the community. At the same time all agreed that they knew their neighbors fairly well, the residents explained that interactions with their neighbors were more likely to revolve around children, careers, and hobbies rather than the yard. Patrick explained ... 

Several homes for liquid fuel may be examined that do not take up valuable deck space. The deck crane pedestals are prime candidates for liquid fuel storage. Temporary storage could be allocated to the oil-gas separators, seawater deaerator tower, and drilling oil-base mud tanks. The jacket conductor has been used in some locations. Unused spare drilling conductors, in conjunction with submersible pumps, may also offer temporary storage. 

It has been observed that the surface deposits in marine cores do not have the expected age of zero. This disparity has been ascribed to loss of core tops at time of core recovery and the reservoir effect discussed above. It has also been discovered that the dominant control of the apparently constant dates in the top 8 cm of a core is bioturbation. Nozaki et al. (1977) studied a core obtained by a submersible research vessel and therefore exempt from the artifact of mixing or loss of the top of the sediment pile, which commonly occurs during piston coring and recovery. They measured and °Pb, using the latter to determine that bioturbation has indeed occurred and establish its rate constant (Figures 4 and 5). Clearly biomrbation has occurred to a depth of 8 cm, below that depth the absence of bioturbation permits the use of to determine an accumulation rate and establish a chronology. The relationship between depth of bioturbation... 

In contrast to the landforms of the continents so familiar to humans-features such as mountains, plateaus, hills, and rivers-the various topographic features of the ocean basins, the oceanscape, are still not well understood by scientists. Some authorities claim that scientists know more about the surface of the Moon than they do about the ocean basins here on Earth. This situation exists because the ocean basins are thousands of meters below the water s surface, and they can be explored only with remote measuring equipment or, rarely, in special research submarines known as submersibles. 

Remove the gel from its bed and totally submerse it in a tray containing diluted Methylene Blue Plus stain. Do not stain gels in the electrophoresis apparatus. 

Figure 3.6.2 At first a steroid is covalently bound to a gold subphase, then the remaining gaps are filled with octadecyl-thiol. A closed membrane is thus formed with 6 x 14 A gaps caused by the steroidal bottom. The gold electrode is then submersed in an aqueous ferricyanide solution, and a strong cyclovoltammetric signal is observed. Upon addition of molecules that fit into the immobile water structure within the hydrophobic gap (= hydrophobic water), the ion flow is blocked. tran -Cyclohexanediol with two equatorial hydroxy groups is optimal glucose and rhamnose also work. cw-Cyclohexane diol with an axial OH group is much less efficient. The entrapped molecules do not equlibrate with the bulk water. Only upon acidification with HCl to pH < 3 are the entrapped molecules released. (From Fuhrhop et al., 1997.)...

For very deep wells portable submersible pumps may be the only choice. Powered by line electricity or a portable generator, these pumps can bring up water from several hundred feet deep. When choosing a pump of this type attention must be paid to possible contamination from materials of construction, connection lines, etc. They do chum up the water substantially so losses of volatiles will occur. 

Specialized applications of batteries cover military and space technology and some scientific instruments. Examples of such battery-powered devices are satellites, space probes, rockets, bathyscaphes and other submersible craft, electrically driven torpe-dos, meteorological balloons, and so forth. Specialized batteries may be divided into two subdivisions power sources for short-term loads (typically for a single discharge) and those for long-term low-drain discharge. 

Returning to the submersible example, potential hazards and causes are identified for each of the systems and subsystems within the functional areas. Once the hazards and their corresponding causes are found, you need to figure a way to rank those hazards. There are literally millions of hazards in any given system. Which ones are most important Do we need to fix all the hazards How can we tell which ones to attack first, especially with a limited budget ... 

Enclosures designed for deployment in shallow uncased holes called postholes do not need hole locks. Sensors are generally emplaced in backfilled soil or sand and are simply pulled out or dug out at the end of the deployment. As with borehole sensors, the connector should generally exit at the top and must be rated for submersion. There is less control of sensor leveling with deeper holes, and a remote leveling range of 10° may be required. See Downhole Seismometers for a more detailed discussion. 

In another series of tests, samples were immersed for 20 hr at 550°C at varying pressures, as shown in Fig. 21-15. The samples for each curve were first evacuated for 20 hr at 550°C before being immersed in bismuth. With each type of graphite, the bismuth uptake at 450 psi corresponds approximately to the values attained at 250 psi for longer periods of submersion. Type R, CCN, HLM, and ATL-82 are insensitive to pressure increases beyond 200 psi. The remaining three types. A, G, EY-9, do increase continuously in bismuth uptake and furthermore show a threshold pressure below which no bismuth penetrates the graphite for the 20-hr duration of the test. 

The DC-motor floodout calculations in RTR-2637 do not take credit for water removial via the sump pumps. The ROMP requires seismic qualification of the submersible sump pumps, their associated piping, and power and control circuitry prior to startup. The report, "Basic Data for Project S-4309," Revision 1 (Reference 10), requires seismic qualification of the level controls and power supplies for the submersible sump pumps. Modifications that allow the assumption of survivability for 5,000 gpm of submersible sump pump capacity following a DBE were installed during this project. 

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