Subject cerebrospinal fluid

In healthy subjects, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-LD activity is very much lower than the serum activity, and LD-4 and LD-5 are frequently undetectable. The pattern is also complicated by the possibility of contamination by hemorrhage or the disruption of the blood-brain barrier by disease, which adds LD of systemic origin to the CSE Additionally,... 

Hibbeln JR. Umhau JC, Linnoila M. George DT, Ragan PW, Schoaf SE, et al. A replication study of violent and nonviolent subjects cerebrospinal fluid metabolites of serotonin and dopamine are predicted by plasma essential fatty acids. Biol Psychiatry 1995 44 243-249. 

Wenner, B.R., Lovell, M.A., Lynn, B.C. (2004). Proteomic analysis of human ventricular cerebrospinal fluid from neurologically normal, elderly subjects using two-dimensional LC-MS/MS. J. Proteome Res. 3, 97-103. 

The normal values for thiamine in human blood vary from 25-80 mpg/ml (average of 27 cases), from 110-370 mfig/ml in urine (27 cases), and from 13-17 mpg/ml in cerebrospinal fluid (45 cases). These specimens were obtained from normal subjects, receiving no vitamin therapy and in the fasting state, to eliminate dietary influences. The... 

Blood from normal subjects contains 14-60 m ig/ml, serum 25-75 mpg/ml, urine 100-200 m[ig of B8/ml of fluid cerebrospinal fluid contains less than 1 m ig/ml. Normal human liver, obtained by biopsy, contains between 10-20 mpg of B6/mg of dried tissue rat brain between 3.5-5 m(ig/mg. (cf. Table 9). 

Barkai et al. (1978) reported that cerebrospinal fluid levels of inositol were lower in patients with depression than in psychiatrically healthy subjects. We hypothesized that inositol may be deficient in some brain systems in depression. This does not contradict the concept that Li reduces inositol levels and that Li" is an antidepressant, because the PI cycle serves as a second messenger for several balancing and mutually interactive neurotransmitters. Li+ could alleviate depression by reducing inositol and a primary hyperactivity of one hypothetical brain system low inositol levels in another system could cause second messenger dysfunction and thereby depression. 

Some evidence exists of disturbances of the CCK system in pathological anxiety. For instance, Lydiard and co-workers [1992] reported that patients with panic disorder have significantly lower cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of CCK-8S than do control subjects. The same group measured CCK-8S in patients with bulimia nervosa [Lydiard et al. 1993], who were found to have significantly lower levels of CCK-8 than the comparison subjects. CCK-8 concentrations were inversely correlated with scores on the anger-hostility, anxiety, and interpersonal sensitivity subscales of the Symptom Checklist-90—Revised [SCL-90-R]. 

Thoren et al. [1980] reported a trend toward a higher level of 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid [CSF], and Insel et al. [1985] found higher levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the CSF in patients with OCD compared with levels in psychiatrically healthy control subjects. However, Lydiard et al. [1990] failed to demonstrate significant differences between 23 patients with OCD and 17 psychiatrically healthy control subjects. 

Lithium may facilitate the release of 5-HT, perhaps by increasing tryptophan uptake, enhancing 5-HT release through presynaptic autoreceptors, and/or by increasing activity at postsynaptic 5-HT receptors (i.e., act as a 5-HT agonist). Some data, however, question the long-term effect of lithium on 5-HT enhancement when studied in patients, as opposed to healthy control subjects ( 27). Similar to lithium, clonazepam can increase 5-HT synthesis and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of its major metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Other agents known to enhance 5-HT activity by different mechanisms have also shown initial promise as potential antimanic treatments (e.g., L-tryptophan, a 5-HT precursor). 

Table 2.1.7 Reference values for amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid of subjects of different age groups (pmol/l)...

Until the middle 1990s, AdoMet and AdoHcy had been studied almost exclusively in tissues or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Recent studies have shown that AdoMet and AdoHcy are readily detectable in isolated erythrocytes or whole blood, and reduced levels of AdoMet have been reported in whole blood from patients with coronary artery disease [18]. Application of HPLC with fluorescence detection has allowed the detection of these two compounds in plasma, although levels are in the nanomolar range and clearly much lower than those in tissues [19, 20]. Clear increases were shown in normal subjects following the administration of methionine [20] or AdoMet [21]. Subsequently, several studies have confirmed the ability to measure... 

The association of cocaine withdrawal with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation has previously been reported and may be important in understanding vulnerability to stress response and relapse (70). The hypothesis that withdrawn cocaine-dependent patients would have higher cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotropin-releasing hormone than healthy controls has been tested in 29 cocaine-dependent men (mean age 40 years) who were abstinent for a minimum of 8 days (mean 29 days) and 66 healthy controls. The subjects were 21 African Americans, two Hispanics, and six Caucasians. There were no significant differences in cerebrospinal... 

Bradbury, M.W.B., et al. 1963. The distribution of potassium, sodium, chloride and urea between lumbar cerebrospinal fluid and blood serum in human subjects. Clin Sci 25 97. 

Salomon RM, Ripley B, Kennedy JS, Johnson B, Schmidt D, Zeitzer JM, Nishino S, Mignot E (2003) Diurnal variation of cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin-1 (Qrexin-A) levels in control and depressed subjects. Biol Psychiatry 54 96-104... 

Riemenschneider, M., Lautenschlager, N., Wagenpfeil, S., Diehl, J., Drzezga, A., et al. (2002) Cerebrospinal fluid tau and beta-amyloid 42 proteins identify Alzheimer disease in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol 59, 1729-1734. 

The level of protein carbonylation and protein glycoxidation products increases in brains of patients with Alzheimer s disease (AD) compared with age-matched controls (S38, S39). Dityrosine and 3-nitrotyrosine are elevated in some regions of the human brain that are differentially affected in AD. Dityrosine and 3-nitrotyrosine levels are elevated consistently in the hippocampus and neocorti-cal regions of the AD brain and in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (VF), reaching quantities five- to eightfold greater than mean concentrations in brain and VF of cognitively normal subjects (H19). However, no increase in pentosidine or CML was observed in frontal cortex specimens of patients with Alzheimer s disease with respect to normal subjects (SI3). 

The possible genetic basis of cocaine-induced paranoia has been studied in 45 European Americans with cocaine dependency (181). Low activity of the enzyme dopamine P-hydroxylase (the enzyme that catalyses the conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline) in the serum or cerebrospinal fluid was positively associated with the occurrence of positive psychotic symptoms in several psychiatric disorders. The activity of dopamine P-hydroxylase is a stable, genetically determined trait that is regulated by genes located at the DBH locus. The haplotype associated with low dopamine P-hydroxylase activity, Del-a, occurred more often in 29 subjects with cocaine-induced paranoia than in 16 without. These findings may have implications for the pharmacological treatment of cocaine dependence. 

After epidural administration of 150 mg with adrenaline to 12 subjects, mean peak plasma concentrations of 1.1 ng/ml were reported at 0.3 hour and peak cerebrospinal fluid concentrations averaged 30 pg/ml at 0.5 hour (G. R. Wilkinson and P. C. Lund, Anesthesiology, 1970, 2,482-486). 

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