Replication of studies

Pharmacogenomics explores the relationship between genetic variability and responses to pharmacological intervention. However in pediatrics, this area of research is in its infancy and only a small number of investigations linked to therapeutic response in children. This is mainly due to limited patient number, use of only a candidate gene approach, paucity of meta-analysis, use of different research methods across studies, lack of replication of studies, and... 

This and other published overviews of the randomized clinical trials [41, 42] illustrate the complexity of the problem of how to assess the clinical value of preparations containing extracts of Echinacea, The huge variety of preparations available and the lack of replications of studies investigating a specific extract in a defined sample of patients make clinically valid and reliable conclusions difficult. Furthermore, from communications with experts in the field we have reasons to assume that a number of - possibily negative - trials remain unpublished. 

Another kinetic jjhenomenon where Calm s critical waves can possibly be visualized and studied is the replication of interphase boundaries (IPB) illustrated in Figs. 8-10. Similarly to the replication of APBs. it can arise after a two-step quench of an initially uniform disordered alloy. First the alloy is quenched and annealed at temperature T in some two-phase state that can be either metastable or spinodally unstable with respect to phase separation. Varying the annealing time one can grow here precipitates ("droplets ) of a suitable size /. For sufficiently large /, the concentration c(r) within A-riched droplets is close to the equilibrium binodal value C(,(T ) (thin curve in Fig. 9). 

Kedwards, T.J., Maund, S.J., and Chapman, PE. (1999a and 1999b). Community level analysis of ecotoxicological field studies 1 Biological Monitoring and 11 Replicated design studies. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18, 149-157 and 158-166. 

The natural killer cells (NK) are the host s primary innate immune responders against viral infections. Studies have shown morphine to suppress the cytolytic activity of NK cells (Shavit et al. 2004). In vivo studies carried out in the Indian rhesus macaques looked at chronic morphine administration and SIV the equivalent of HIV in apes. This group concluded that morphine contributed to the pathogenesis of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infection and that this contribution occurred in conjunction with the replication of viral proteins including Tat (Noel and Kumar 2006 Noel et al. 2006). 

But there are those in my lab who believe that the excitation is being seen by a bias toward large cells and that they represent a large cell population in the neostriatum. I don t necessarily believe that. I don t know why, in the anesthetized animal, you can flip a nerve cell that is inhibited by amphetamine by increasing the dose. It has been postulated that the excitation is related to the occurrence of both the stereotyped behaviors, and that this may be provoked at doses that produce neurotoxicity. We have also done a number of studies looking at the neurotoxicity of amphetamine administration in animals, most of which replicate Lou Seiden s work. 

The minimal cell, as the simplest system which has all the required properties of life (metabolism, self-reproduction and the ability to evolve), is presently studied as part of a new research discipline synthetic biology. This includes subjects such as synthesis in branches of biological systems, for example, of new RNA species, new peptides and new nucleic acid analogues, as well as the synthesis of peptide nucleic acids. One example is the work of M. R. Ghadiri and G. von Kiedrowski on self-replication of oligonucleotides and oligopeptides (Luisi, 2006b). 

In a highly replicated kinetic study (House and Eveland, 1993), the dehydration of samples of freshly prepared CaC204-H20 and material that had been stored in a desiccator for a year was studied. It was found that the kinetics of the dehydration reaction did not depend on the particle size, but there was... 

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