Subclass, definition

The bible of this system is the Manual of Classification of Patents, published by the Patent Office. Supplementing the manual are the class and subclass definitions contained in the Classification Bulletins, also obtainable from the Patent Office. 

U. S. Patent Office, Glassification Bulletins, class and subclass definitions, references to related subclasses. 

CASSIS USPTO USPTO Office of Electronic Data Conversion and Dissemination CASSIS, the Classification and Search Support Information System of the USPTO, comprises three subfiles CASSIS/BIB, bibHographic information for utiHty patents from 1969 and for others from 1977 CASSIS/CLASS, USPTO classification by patent number of class/subclass CASSIS/ASSIST, iadex to U.S. Manual of Classification U.S. Manual of Classification, Class Definitions IPC, U.S. Classification Concordance Manual of Patent Examining Procedure Attorneys/ Agents Roster, etc... 

While Eqs. 1-4 may represent the most consistent approach for the definition of radical stability for a selected subclass of radicals, there may still be the need (or desire) to compare the stabilities of radicals characterized through different reference systems. The following three hydrogen transfer reactions... 

Nicotine is the psychoactive ingredient of cigarettes and definitely accounts for the side effect quality of cigarette smoking. Nicotine mimics the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at one of the subclasses of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Nicoti-... 

There are several standard tests for determining the flammability of materials (ASTM, 2004). For example, the upper and lower concentration limits for the flammability of chemicals and waste can be determined by standard test methods (ASTM D4982, E681), as can the combustibility and the flash point (ASTM D1310, E176, E502). With these definitions in mind it is possible to divide ignitable materials into two subclasses ... 

This classification, defined in Table 13 with examples, appears very clear and logical in view of the standard classification of isomers. However, the historical development followed a rather curious course. The term constitutional selectivity, unfortunately a somewhat clumsy word which is rarely used, appeared in the literature as late as 1979 -2. This was after an inspiring, but not completely clear, discourse by Hassner on the almost equivalent term regioselectivity which greatly appealed to chemists and was immediately accepted. It is important to note that the now universally accepted definition of stereoselectivity and its subclasses enantio- and diastercoselectivity did not appear in print until as late as 19714. Before that, the term stereoselectivity apparently had the special meaning of the present term diastereoselectivity5. One consequence of this was discussed in the previous section. Furthermore, in the past, the terms selectivity and specificity were usually coupled. The latter term will be discussed in Section 1.2.3.3, but it is currently regarded with suspicion and best avoided. 

In addition, the reliance on generic scenarios for inadvertent intrusion in classifying waste cannot, by definition, represent site-specific risks. However, this is not a serious shortcoming because such scenarios have been used in establishing subclasses of low-level radioactive waste for disposal in near-surface facilities (NRC, 1982a). Furthermore, as emphasized in this Report, establishment of a risk-based waste classification system using particular exposure scenarios does not obviate the need to perform site-specific risk assessments for the purpose of establishing waste acceptance criteria at each disposal site. 

Recent research efforts have been directed towards the development of semisynthetic photobiological switches11,21. An artificial biological photochemical switch is defined as a biological material or environment that is chemically functionalized by photoresponsive units, enabling the photonic activation of the innate functions of the respective biological matrices. Within this broad definition one may define two subclasses of photobiological switches ... 

The protrusive benzenoids form a subclass of the extremal benzenoids. By definition a protrusive benzenoid has a formula with no other formula in the same column above it, and no formula in the same row to the left of it in the periodic table. All pericondensed protrusive benzenoids are generated by circumscribing the extremal benzenoids. Consequently they have the formulas as given below [53],... 

The pericondensed extreme-left benzenoids constitute a subclass of the strictly pericondensed benzenoids in the sense of Dias [12, 15, 19, 21, 55-57] they are defined by having all their internal vertices connected and no catacondensed appendages. Phenalene, C13H9, which has only one internal vertex, is reckoned among the strictly pericondensed benzenoids. An equivalent definition in a most succint form reads ... 

The syntax for the definition of the subclass was given in Section II.B and is reproduced by the following seven (7) lines in Backus-Naur form (BNF) ... 

A number of sets of the Classification Manual are located at a desk near the 14th Street entrance. There is also a complete set of class definitions in loose-leaf binders, arranged in numerical order at the start and close of each business day. Nearby is an important card file, listing the class and subclass of every United States patent (the entries are in pencil). 

Then, by looking up the detailed explanation of each of the preliminary list of subclass numbers in the book of class definitions, one obtains an expanded list by adding such further subclasses as are cross-referenced there. 

Generally, it will save time to locate subclasses through patent numbers obtained from Chemical Abstracts, rather than via the index to the manual and the class definitions. This is in part due to the complexity of many of the definitions, which tend to be more confusing than clarifying until one has become thoroughly familiar with the method and style of presentation. 

After several days of conscientious looking, reading, and note-taking, the searcher s spirits rise, as he flips feverishly through the last ten patents of his last subclass. The next to the last patent is a cross reference, in a subclass he hasn t yet searched. The manual and the definition indicate it should not be overlooked. Oh well, just one more subclass, says he, as he strides confidently toward the proper stack. But all too often, it is one of those subclasses that extend from the top to the bottom of the stack and into the next row—which can well be expected to evoke the well-known comment from those skilled in the art, There must exist some substantially more facile means for deriving adequate sustenance. ... 

The United States Patent Oflfice classifies its patents into some 350 main classes, each of which is divided into many subclasses. There are now about 45,000 of these subclasses. Titles of the classes and subclasses are listed in the "Manual of Classification of Patents (54). Revision of this classification is a continuous process. As classes are revised and new definitions for them are written, these are pubhshed first in the Official Gazette of the U. S. Patent Office and later in the Classification Bulletin issued at intervals by the Patent Office. 

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