Styrene sulfuric acid

Figure 1. Role of dose rate in the synergistic effect of divinyl-benzene and sulfuric acid on grafting of styrene on polypropylene film in methanol dose rate of 4.1 x 104rad/hr to total dose of 2.4 x lO rad (A) styrene-methanol, (o) styrene-sulfuric acid (0.2M). ( ) styrene-methanol-divinylbenzene (1% v/v), and (o) styrene-methanol -di vinyl benzene (1% v/v)-sulfuric acid (0.2M). dose...

Styrene Sulfuric acid Tetrachloroethylene Thallium compounds Tin compounds Toluene... 

When styrene is refluxed with aqueous sulfuric acid two styrene dimers are formed as the major products One of these styrene dimers is 1 3 diphenyl 1 butene the other is 1 methyl 3 phenyhndan Suggest a reasonable mechanism for the formation of each of these compounds... 

Strong" Acid Cation Excha.ngers. AH strong acid-type resins are made from styrene—DVB copolymers, with the exception of a minor quantity of phenoHc resin. Batch sulfonation using commercial strength sulfuric acid [8014-95-1] is common. 

These peroxides also form 1 1 adducts with styrene and form hydroben2oin diarenesulfonates with stilbenes. Di(ben2enesulfonyl) peroxide decomposes in water to phenol and sulfuric acid (33). 

Manufacture of oBenzoylbenzoic Acid from l-Methyl-3-phenylindane. In 1909 it was reported that treatment of styrene with concentrated sulfuric acid resulted in its dimerization (51). However, the wrong stmcture was assigned to this dimer (52). Years later it was suggested, without proof, that the dimer consisted primarily of l-methyl-3-phenylindane (13) [6416-39-3] and some 1,3-diphenyl-l-butene (53). In 1950, oxidative studies on the dimer proved that this supposition was correct (54) ... 

After epoxidation, propylene oxide, excess propylene, and propane are distilled overhead. Propane is purged from the process propylene is recycled to the epoxidation reactor. The bottoms Hquid is treated with a base, such as sodium hydroxide, to neutralize the acids. Acids in this stream cause dehydration of the 1-phenylethanol to styrene. The styrene readily polymerizes under these conditions (177—179). Neutralization, along with water washing, allows phase separation such that the salts and molybdenum catalyst remain in the aqueous phase (179). Dissolved organics in the aqueous phase ate further recovered by treatment with sulfuric acid and phase separation. The organic phase is then distilled to recover 1-phenylethanol overhead. The heavy bottoms are burned for fuel (180,181). 

The performance of many metal-ion catalysts can be enhanced by doping with cesium compounds. This is a result both of the low ionization potential of cesium and its abiUty to stabilize high oxidation states of transition-metal oxo anions (50). Catalyst doping is one of the principal commercial uses of cesium. Cesium is a more powerflil oxidant than potassium, which it can replace. The amount of replacement is often a matter of economic benefit. Cesium-doped catalysts are used for the production of styrene monomer from ethyl benzene at metal oxide contacts or from toluene and methanol as Cs-exchanged zeofltes ethylene oxide ammonoxidation, acrolein (methacrolein) acryflc acid (methacrylic acid) methyl methacrylate monomer methanol phthahc anhydride anthraquinone various olefins chlorinations in low pressure ammonia synthesis and in the conversion of SO2 to SO in sulfuric acid production. 

Tetrachloroethylene reacts with formaldehyde and concentrated sulfuric acid at 80°C to form 2,2-dichloropropanoic acid [75-99-0] (8). Copolymers with styrene, vinyl acetate, methyl acrylate, and acrylonitrile are formed in the presence of dibenzoyl peroxide (9,10). 

ABS plastic, a polymer consisting of polybutadiene spheroids is dispersed in a continuous phase of poly(styrene—acrylonitrile). The chromic acid attacks the polybutadiene at a much higher rate than the continuous phase. This gives an excellent microroughened surface with superior metal-to-plastic bond strength. A typical recommended formulation consists of 20 vol % sulfuric acid, 420 g/L chromic acid, and 0.1—1.0% of a fluorocarbon wetting agent. The plastic is treated with this formulation for 6—10 min at 60—65°C. 

The principal use of the alkylation process is the production of high octane aviation and motor gasoline blending stocks by the chemical addition of C2, C3, C4, or C5 olefins or mixtures of these olefins to an iso-paraffin, usually isobutane. Alkylation of benzene with olefins to produce styrene, cumene, and detergent alkylate are petrochemical processes. The alkylation reaction can be promoted by concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, aluminum chloride, or boron fluoride at low temperatures. Thermal alkylation is possible at high temperatures and very high pressures. 

FIGURE 27.1 ATR-IR spectra of sulfuric acid-treated thermoplastic rubbers (TRs) with different styrene content. Immersion time = 0.5 min. (From Cepeda-Jimenez, C.M., Pastor-Bias, M.M., Ferrandiz-Gomez, T.P., and Martm-Martmez, J.M., Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., 21, 161, 2001.)... 

Cepeda-Jimenez C.M., Pastor-Bias M.M., and Martm-Martmez J.M., 2001, Weak boundary layer on vulcanized styrene-butadiene rubber treated with sulfuric acid, J. Adhes. Sci. Technol., 15(11), 1323-1350. 

In a 2-1. round-bottomed flask, fitted with a reflux condenser and mechanical stirrer, are placed 675 g. (8.3 moles) of 37% formalin, 48 g. of sulfuric acid (sp. gr. 1.84), and 312 g. (3 moles) of styrene. The resulting mixture is gently refluxed and stirred for 7 hours. The mixture is cooled, and 500 ml. of benzene is stirred in. The layers are separated, and the aqueous layer is extracted with 500 ml. of benzene. The benzene solutions are combined and washed with two 750-ml. portions of water. The benzene is removed by distillation, and the residual liquid is fractionated under reduced pressure. At 2 mm. pressure a forerun is collected separately, up to a temperature of 96° (Note 1) then the main fraction is collected at 96-103°/2 mm. The yield of 4-phenyl-m-dioxane amounts to 353-436 g. (71-88%) wf 1.5300-1.5311 df 1.092-1.093 (Note 2). 

Phenyl-fra-dioxane was obtained by Prins2 by the reaction between styrene and formaldehyde in the presence of sulfuric acid. The correct structure was pointed out by Fourneau, Benoit, and Firmenich.4 The above procedure is essentially that given by Shortridge 6 and by Beets 3 and mentioned in a patent. Methylphenylcarbinol has been substituted for styrene.3... 

The addition of a cation to an olefin to produce a carbonium ion or ion pair need not end there but may go through many cycles of olefin addition before the chain is eventually terminated by neutralization of the end carbonium ion. Simple addition to the double bond is essentially the same reaction stopped at the end of the first cycle. The addition of mineral acids to produce alkyl halides or sulfates, for example, may be prolonged into a polymerization reaction. However, simple addition or dimerization is the usual result with olefins and hydrogen acids. The polymerization which occurs with a-methyl-styrene and sulfuric acid or styrene and hydrochloric acid at low temperatures in polar solvents is exceptional.291 Polymerization may also be initiated by a carbonium ion formed by the dissociation of an alkyl halide as in the reaction of octyl vinyl ether with trityl chloride in ionizing solvents.292... 

Absorption spectra, 23 3 of fats and oils, 10 822-823 of polymethine dyes, 20 506-512 Absorption spectroscopy, infrared reflection, 24 114-116 Absorption towers, in sulfuric acid manufacture, 23 779 Absorptive probes, 11 150 ABS polymers, 10 205-207. See also ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) materials... 

Propynol, Mercury(II) sulfate, Sulfuric acid, Water, 4479 Styrene, Air, Polymerising styrene, 2945 Styrene, Butyllithium, 2945 Styrene, Dibenzoyl peroxide, 2945 Styrene, Initiators, 2945 f Tetrafluoroethylene, 0628... 

Agents for the drying of liquids must, of course, be chemically inert, as otherwise undesired side reactions could occur (e.g., styrene polymerizes explosively on contact with concentrated sulfuric acid at room temperature). 

Insoluble polystyrene crosslinked with divinylbenzene can easily be converted by sulfonation to a usable ion exchanger. For this purpose a mixture of 0.2 g of silver sulfate and 150 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid are heated to 80-90 °C in a 500 ml threenecked flask fitted with stirrer, reflux condenser, and thermometer. 20 g of a bead polymer of styrene and divinylbenzene (see Example 3-41) are then introduced with stirring the temperature climbs spontaneously to 100-105 °C.The mixture is maintained at 100 C for 3 h,then cooled to room temperature and allowed to stand for some hours. Next the contents of the flask are poured into a 11 conical flask that contains about 500 ml of 50% sulfuric acid. After cooling, the mixture is diluted with distilled water, and the gold-brown colored beads are filtered off on a sintered glass filter and washed copiously with water. 

C17H24O, Mr 244.38, mp 35 °C, is a synthetic musk fragrance. It is prepared by Friedel-Crafts acetylation of 1,1,2,3,3,5-hexamethylindane, which can be obtained as a 70 30 mixture with l,l,3,5-tetramethyl-3-ethylindane by reacting a,p-dimethyl-styrene with amylenes or 2-methyl-2-butanol in a mixture of acetic acid and concentrated sulfuric acid [155] ... 

Strong-inorganic-acid mists containing sulfuric acid (see Mists and vapours from sulfuric acid and other strong inorganic acids) Strontium chromate (see Chromium and ehromium compounds) Styrene... 

Water (28 g) and polyoxyethylene phenyl ether sulfuric acid ester emulsifier (0.08 g) were added to a 300-ml flask and heated to 85°C while stirring. This solution was then treated with a mixture of the step 4 product (6.3 g), methyl methacrylate (41.6 g), styrene (14 g), butyl acrylate (23.5 g), 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (14.6 g), water (51.6 g), polyoxyethylene phenyl ether sulfuric acid ester emulsifier (6.6 g), and 0.3 g of sodium persulfate over 4 hours. Thereafter, a mixture of water (5.2 g) and ammonium persulfate (0.1 g) were added over 30 minutes and the mixture stirred for an additional 2 hours. It was then cooled to ambient temperature and a white resin isolated, which consisted of 52% solids with a polymerization conversion of 99%. 

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