Styrene-maleic acid copolymer, properties

Synonyms Poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) sodium salt SSMA Sty-rene/MA, sulfonated Sulfonated styrene/maleic anhj ride Sulfonated styrene/ maleic anhydride copolymer Properties Beige to tan powd. 

Polysulfobetaines derived from alternating styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers 32 are easily prepared by ring opening of the anhydride moiety with 3-dimethylaminopropylamine, imidizing the resulting poly(amic acid) by heating, and alkylation with propane sultone [70-72]. For investigations of structure-property relationships additionally to 32b, the polymers 33 and 34 were synthesized [71]. The ionene-like polymer 33 was prepared... 

Nonionic, anionic, and cationic VP copolymers are all available commercially to enhance the hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and ionic properties of PVP for specihc applications. Important comonomers include vinyl acetate (VA), acrylic acid (AA), vinyl alcohol, dimethy-laminoethylmethacrylate (DMAEMA), styrene, maleic anhydride, acrylamide, methyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate (LM), a-olelins, methacrylamido-propyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (MAPTAC), vinyl caprolactam (VCL), and dimethylaminopropyl-methacrylamide (DMAPMA). 

An appropriate balance of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity in the molecular structure of polyampholytes is believed to be a key component in demonstrating the solubilization of organic probes and gelation properties [58]. The existence of hydrophobic clusters consisting of hydrophobic vinylbutyl ether (or styrene) fragments has been shown for alternating copolymers of vinylbutyl ether (or styrene) and AT,N-dimethylaminopropylmonoamide of maleic acid... 

A polymer alloy was prepared by Lavengood, PateL and Padwa [6]. This alloy is comprised of ABS with polybutadiene rubber, a polyamide such as nylon-6 or nylon-11, and a compatibilizer. The polyamide and ABS are immiscible. The compatibilizer is selected in a fashion that it is either partially or completely miscible with the graft copolymer, and has acid functional groups that can be made to react with the end groups of polyamides. This can be a terpolymer of styrene, acrylonitrile, and maleic acid. The resulting polymer alloy has been a successful product in the commercial arena under the name of Triax 1000. The performance properties were a step change improvement. 

Polymer alloys are commercial polymer blends with improvanent in property balance with the use of compatibilizers. Texas A M University [1] has patented a com-patibilizer that can result in a product with high impact resistance as well as scratch resistance. The blend is composed of HIPS or polypropylene (PP) and a compati-bilizer made of a triblock copolymer of styrene-ethylene-propylene. Udipi [2] discovered that polymer blends composed of PC, a copolyester of PETG, and nitrile rubber exhibit a superior balance of properties. Reactive compatibilization of PC/ SAN blends at various AN compositions were conducted by Wildes et al. [3] using a SAN-amine compatibilizer. PC and SAN were found to be miscible over a range of AN composition by Mendelson [5]. Nylon/ABS blends can be compatibilized by use of SAN-maleic acid (Lavengood et al. [6]). Styrene-GMA copolymers can be used as compatibilizers for PS/PA, PS/PBT, PS/PET, and PPO/PBT blends. 

Additionally to the procedures described earlier, improvements for thermostabilization is copolymerisation of vinyl chloride with suitable monomers. A great number of monomers were investigated to optimize the properties of resins. But only vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride, ethylene, propylene, acrylonitrile, acrylic acid esters, and maleic acid esters, respectively, are of interest commercially [305,436,437]. The copolymerization was carried out in emulsion, suspension, and solution in connection with water- or oil-soluble initiators, as mentioned elsewhere. Another possibility for modifying PVC is grafting of VC on suitable polymers [305,438], blends of PVC with butadiene/styrene and butadiene/ methacryl acid esters copolymers [433], and polymer-analogous reactions on the macromolecule [439,440] (e.g., chlorination of PVC). 

G.G. Bumbu, B.S. Munteanu, J. Eckelt, and C. Vasile, Influence of the composition of hydroxypropyl cellulose/maleic acid-alt-styrene copolymer blends on their properties as matrix for drug release, eXPRESS Polym. Lett., 3 (5), 286-294,2009. 

The properties of 1 1 copolymers prepared from allyl alcohol and derivatives with MA have been very briefly examined.The copolymers are soluble in a variety of organic solvents, including acetone, 2-butanone, ethanol, propanol, DMF, dimethylsulfoxide, THF, pyridine, and dilute ammonia or alkalin solutions. A similar copolymer may be prepared from monoalkyl esters of maleic acid. Copolymerization of styrene with mono-allyl maleate or fumarate hinders cyclization, due to the highly reactive styrene. ... 

There have been attempts to control activities in response to envirorunental changes using property and structural changes of a biocatalyst that is fixed onto an enviromnent (stimuli)-responsive polymer substrate. For example, if a maleic acid/styrene copolymer is adsorbed onto a polystyrene microcapsule in which an enzyme is fixed, the polymer chains spread at pH>5 due to the dissociation of carboxylic groups. As a result, the permeability of the microcapsule increases and the apparent activity of the... 

Maleate esters such as dimethyl maleate, diethyl maleate and dibutyl maleate are extensively used in the production of latex emulsion polymers, thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics. Dimethyl maleate has found use in applications where improvement in hardness and toughness of polymer films are desired. This includes, in particular, the improvement of anti-blocking properties of copolymers of vinyl acetate with dimethyl maleate. It is also used as an internal modifier to increase the glass transition temperature of styrene or vinyl chloride polymer. The intermediate in esterification of maleic acid with methanol, monomethyl maleate provides plastsizing effect, as well as promotion of improved polymer adhesion due to the carboxylic group. It can be copolymerized with a variety of vinyl and acrylic monomers to provide coatings with improved stiffness and adhesion and reduced tackiness or tendency to block. Monoesters of maleates are used to provide carboxylic acid functionality in emulsions and water-soluble polymers. 

Mixtures of PPE and PS, or styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers have been extruded with maleic anhydride of fumaric acid to obtain compatibi-lized blends [42], In the same way, PPE with pendant glycidyl groups can be co-extruded with a poly(olefin) having anhydride groups [28], PPE can be grafted onto poly(ethylene) by melt kneading both modified polymers in the presence of a binder such as phenylenedi-amine. Both polymers are modified with maleic anhydride. The grafting takes place in situ. Amines may enhance the improvement of certain physical properties when used in combination with various compati-bilizers [29]. 

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