Aluminium trichloride

The aluminium trichloride is then re-cycled through the fused oxide. 

Aluminium can be deposited from complex organic solutions if sufficient precautions are taken, and such coatings are now being produced commercially in North America. Two of the systems on record are (1) aluminium trichloride and lithium aluminium hydride dissolved in diethyl ether used at 40°C and 50A/m, and (2) aluminium chloride, n-butylamine and diethyl ether used at 20°C and 970 A/m. Deposits of 0-010 mm can be obtained on mild steel or copper at 20°C and 970 A/m using aluminium-wire anodes and nitrogen or argon atmospheres. 

Acetyl chloride (60 mmol) was added dropwise with stirring to an ice-cold mixture of 2-trimethylsilyltoluene (60 mmol) and aluminium trichloride (60mmol) in carbon disulphide (60 ml). Stirring was continued for 3h at 0-5 °C, and then the reaction mixture was poured on to ice-cold dilute HCI. 

In 1887 Colby and McLaughlin175 found that treatment of benzene with thionyl chloride in the presence of aluminium trichloride produces diphenyl sulphoxide probably via benzenesulphinyl chloride. Later on, some other diaryl sulphoxides were prepared by this procedure176-180 (equation 66 Table 10). Highly reactive aromatic compounds such as naphthyl ethers react with thionyl chloride in the absence of a catalyst181. 

Sn -I- 2RI R2Snl2 (where R is the alkyl group and I is the anion). Methyltin stabilizers are produced by direct synthesis in the United States. Dibutyltin dichloride is manufactured from crude tetrabutyltin and tin tetrachloride and is usually catalysed with aluminium trichloride (Blunden Evans, 1989 Gaver, 1997 Thoonen et al, 2001). 

Hydroxy substituted diaryl sulphoxides 126 were prepared by the condensation of m-substituted phenols with arenesulphinyl chlorides in the presence of aluminium trichloride (equation 68). 

Dangerous materials may require special equipment. Chlorination with gaseous chlorine requires quite expensive storage facilities. Chlorination with chlorine, thionyl chloride, sulphuryl chloride, phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus trichloride, or phosphorus pentachloride, all of which are fairly hazardous, requires off-gas treatment. Some of these reactants can be recycled. Pyrophoric solids such as hydrogenation catalysts, anhydrous aluminium trichloride for Friedel-Crafts reactions, or hydrides used as reducing agents should usually be handled using special facilities. Therefore, all of the above proce.sses are usually carried out in dedicated plants. 

Numerous preparative methods have been reported for these acids and their salts and ester derivatives.1 4 Dithiophosphoric acids are accessible from the reaction of phosphorus pentasulfide with alcohols or phenols (Equation 18). Dithiophosphinic acids can be prepared from thiophosphinic chlorides and sodium hydrosulfide (Equation 19), although the phenyl derivative is better prepared using a modified Friedel-Crafts reaction in which phosphorus pentasulfide is reacted with benzene in the presence of anhydrous aluminium trichloride (Equation 20). 

A number of stereospecific intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions of trienones leading to c -fused products have been described. The ketone 34 forms solely compound 35 on treatment with aluminium trichloride at 110°C (equation 25)30. The lower homologue 36 undergoes a spontaneous cyclization to 37 below 20 °C (equation 26)31 and the isomeric ketones 38 and 40 similarly give 3932 and 4133, respectively (equations 27 and 28). 

Interaction of iV-pentafluorophenylcarbonimidoyl dichloride with benzonitrile and aluminium trichloride leads to l-pentafluorophenyl-4,6-diphenyl-13 -triazin-2-one along with urea derivatives . Reaction of perfluoro-5-azanon-4-ene with a range of bidentate nitrogen nucleophiles (urea, substituted amidine hydrochlorides and guanidine), in the presence of triethylamine or potassium hydroxide, effectively provides fluorinated 1,3,5-triazines 16-19 <00JFC(103)105>. 

This polymer can also be obtained by the cationic polymerisation of benzene with Aluminium trichloride and cupric chloride. 

J. H. Beard, P. H. Plesch, P. P. Rutherford, The Low-temperature Polymerisation of Isobutene, Part V, Polymerisation by Aluminium Trichloride in Methylene Dichloride, J. Chem. Soc., 1964, 2566. 

Dimethyl(trimethylsilyl)phosphine (63) reacts with aluminium chlorides with cleavage of the silicon-phosphorus bond,58 as shown for aluminium trichloride. The same phosphine (63) reacts with the cobalt derivative (64) as shown.59... 

Lewis acid catalyst is normally required when ammonium polyhalides are used, although recourse does not have to be made to strong acids, such as aluminium trichloride. Bromination and iodination reactions are normally conducted in acetic acid in the presence of zinc chloride [32], but chlorination using the ammonium tetrachloroiodate in acetic acid does not require the additional presence of a Lewis acid [33]. Radical chlorination of toluenes by benzyltrimethylammonium tetrachloroiodate in the presence of AIBN gives mixtures of the mono-and dichloromethylbenzenes [34], Photo-catalysed side-chain chlorination is less successful [35], Radical bromination using the tribromide with AIBN or benzoyl peroxide has also been reported [36, 37],... 

In the presence of Lewis acids such as aluminium trichloride, diaryltellurium dichlorides are formed even with non-activated arenas. 

By treatment of (Z)-2-chlorovinyltellurium trichlorides, easily obtained by addition of tellurium tetrachloride to phenylacetylenes (see Section 3.16.2.1), with 1-2 mol equiv of iodine or Af-bromosuccinimide-aluminium trichloride, a halogenodetelluration occurs, generating the corresponding (Z)-iodo- or (Z)-bromochloroalkenes. °... 

Non-geminal bis, tris, and tetrakis secondary amino derivatives are found to undergo reversible cis trans isomerisations in the presence of amine hydrochlorides [141-145]. It is reported that aluminium trichloride also acts as a catalyst for these interconversions (Eq. 26) [142]. 

First, we should clarify whether metal elements can be introduced into the zeolite framework, and where these elements occupy the framework in the atomplanting method. It is observed by solid state MAS NMR that the signal attributed to tetragonal Al increased greatly after treating silicalite with aluminium trichloride vapor at elevated temperatures. From these results it is concluded that aluminium atoms can be introduced into the zeolite framework by the atom-planting method [7]. 

The amount of aluminium introduced into the framework reached ceiling level with increase of reaction time and partial pressure of aluminium trichloride, and showed a gently-sloping peak at around 940 K reaction temperature. Moreover, they did not correspond to the amount of silicone removed from the silicalite during the reaction [8,11]. From these results, it is suggested that by the atom-planting, aluminium atoms occupy special sites in the zeolite framework, and do not substitute silicon atoms in the framework. 

We synthesized nine silicalites which had different concentrations of defect sites in the zeolite framework determined by isotope exchange method. These silicalites were treated with aluminium trichloride vapor under the same reaction conditions 923 K temperature, 1 h time, 11 kPa aluminium trichloride vapor pressure. Figure 1 shows the plots of the amount of aluminium atoms introduced into the framework against the amount of oxygen atoms on the defect sites. A... 

Isoquinoline, like quinoline, is protonated and alkylated at the nitrogen atom, but electrophilic substitution in the benzene ring is also easily achieved (Scheme 3.14). Sulfonation with oleum gives mainly the 5-sulfonic acid, but fuming nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid at 0 C produce a 1 1 mixture of 5- and 8-nitroisoquinolines. Bromination in the presence of aluminium trichloride at 75 °C gives a 78% yield of 5-bromoisoquinoline. 

Dithiophene-4,8-diones are produced by the cyclic diacylation of methylthiophenes using thiophene-2,3-dicarbonyl chloride and aluminium trichloride to afford the corresponding diones in low yields (Equation 98) <1999BMG1025>. 

The most intriguing difference between the chemical properties of cyclopolysilanes and those of cycloalkanes is the ability of the former to form either anion or cation radicals upon one-electron reduction or oxidation, respectively. For example, the cyclic pentamer (Mc2Si)5 is reduced to the corresponding radical anion by sodium-potassium alloy in diethyl ether [see eqn (4.1) in Section 4.1.3], whereas the hexamer (Me2Si)6 is oxidised by aluminium trichloride in dichlor-omethane to the corresponding cation radical. In both cases the EPR spectra of the radical ions can be interpreted in terms of a-electron delocalisation over the entire polysilane ring (see Section 10.1.4.1). In this respect, the cyclosilanes resemble aromatic hydrocarbons rather than their aliphatic analogues. 

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