Styrenated phenols

The other class of acrylic compatible tackifiers includes those based on ter-penes. Terpenes are monomers obtained by wood extraction or directly from pine tree sap. To make the polyterpene tackifiers, the monomers have to be polymerized under cationic conditions, typically with Lewis acid catalysis. To adjust properties such as solubility parameter and softening point, other materials such as styrene, phenol, limonene (derived from citrus peels), and others may be copolymerized with the terpenes. 

Over eighty percent of the benzene produced is used in manufacturing only three derivatives styrene, phenol and cyclohexane. 

Ivan et al. [95] reported that 3,5-di-tert-butyM-hydroxybenzylcyanoacetate is a nonstaining antiozonant that affords similar protection to NR and to cw-polyisoprene compounds such as N-isopropyl-N -phenyl-para-phenylenediamine does (see Figure 15.12). This product lasts longer than conventional nonstaining antiozonants, like the styrenated phenols. 

The effectiveness of tea polyphenols as antioxidants in elastomeric mixes was evaluated and comparison was made with standard styrenated phenol-based antioxidant [45]. The data showed that thermal and oxidative aging resistance was comparable for both natural and synthetic antioxidants. 

Uses. Intermediate in the production of styrene, phenol, cyclohexane, and other organic chemicals manufacmre of detergents, pesticides, solvents, and paint removers found in gasoline... 

Another significant trend is the current program to increase the production of benzene from petroleum 16). Increasing requirements for the production of styrene, phenol, and other intermediates have made it essential that new sources be found to supplement current supplies of this aromatic hydrocarbon, and the only apparent source is from petroleum processes. To meet current needs of the military and civilian program the United States Petroleum Administration for Defense has been asked to increase petroleum benzene from the current rate of 12,000,000 gallons to 100,000,000 gallons per year 84). Present production from petroleum is small in comparison with that from other sources, but these proposed expansions may add materially to the output of petroleum-derived intermediates that will ultimately go to the manufacture of plastics and synthetic rubber. 

Polymer films can also be electropolymerized directly onto the electrode surface. For example, Abruna et al. have shown that vinylpyridine and vinyl-bipyridine complexes of various metal ions can be electropolymerized to yield polymer films on the electrode surface that contain the electroactive metal complex (see Table 13.2) [27]. The electronically conductive polymers (Table 13.2) can also be electrosynthesized from the corresponding monomer. Again, a polymer film that coats the electrode surface is obtained [25]. Electropolymerized films have also been obtained from styrenic, phenolic, and vinyl monomers. 

The nomenclature of benzene derivatives is described in Sec. 4.6. Common names and structures to be memorized include those of toluene, styrene, phenol, aniline, and xylene. Monosubstituted benzenes are named as benzene derivatives (bromobenzene, nitrobenzene, and so on). Disubstituted benzenes are named as ortho- (1,2-), meta- (1,3-), or para- (1,4-), depending on the relative positions of the substituents on the ring. Two important groups are phenyl (C6H5-) and benzyl (C6H5CH2-). 

Benzene is a major commercial chemical-a source of styrene, phenol, other aromatics, acetone, and cyclohexane. 

Know the meaning of ortho, meta, para, phenyl group (C6H5- or Ph-), benzyl group (C6H5CH2-), aryl group (Ar-), benzene, toluene, styrene, phenol, aniline, xylene, arene, fullerene. 

The mixture of aromatics is typically referred to as BTX and is an abbreviation for benzene, toluene, and xylene. The first two components, benzene and toluene, usually are separated by distillation, and the isomers of the third component, xylene, are separated by partial crystallization.17 Benzene is the starting chemical for materials such as styrene, phenol, and many fibers and plastics. Toluene is used to make a number of chemicals, but most is blended into gasoline. Xylene usage is dependent on its isomer. Para-xylene (p-xylene) is a precursor compound for polyester. Ortho-xylene (o-xylene) is the building block for phthalic anhydride. Both compounds are widely used to manufacture consumer products. 

In accordance with these generalizations, studies with model compounds (Kaneko et al. 1983, Eriksson and Gierer 1985) indicate that the rates of ozonation decrease in the order stilbenes > styrenes > phenolic structures > muconic acid intermediates > nonphenolic structures > aroyl structures >... 

Synonyms and trade names benzene, benzine, benzol, aromatic hydrocarbon Uses and exposure Benzene is a colorless, flammable liquid with a pleasant odor. It is used as a solvent in many industries, such as rubber and shoe manufacturing and in the production of other important substances such as styrene, phenol, and cyclohexane. It is essential in the manufacture of detergents, pesticides, solvents, and paint removers. It is present in fuels such as in gasoline up to the level of 5%. There are several uses for benzene. ... 

The figure illustrates that benzene generally sells at a premium to toluene and xylene reflecting its use as a chemical intermediate in the production of styrene, phenol and nylon. The floor value for toluene and xylene is set by the prevailing gasoline price where they are used as nonoxygenate octane boosters (i.e. alternatives to ethanol or MTBE). Mixed xylene also finds use to produce the important chemical intermediates para-xylene (for the production of polyester, PTA), art/io-xylene (for the production of phthalates) and ethylbenzene (considered as a xylene and used for the production of styrene ). These uses for xylene result in a slight premium over toluene which has no major chemical uses other than for the production of benzene and xylene. 

SO2, benzene, toluene, styrene, phenol, methylphenol, diphenyl ether, methyl diphenyl ether... 

Benzene for further processing into styrene, phenol, cyclohexane and aniline as intermediate products for thermoplastics and uhermosets, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibres ana dyestuffs,... 

The phenol-formaldehyde prepolymers were polymerized with 4-(l-phenylethyl)phenol (para-styrenated phenol) (equation 39). The sulfonation of the resulting polymer gave a cation exchange resin, which is useful as an acid catalyst . ... 

CCRIS 4915 EINECS 262-975-0 Phenol, styrenated Styrenated phenol. 

Montaclere . [Monsanto] Styrenated phenol nonstaining antioxidant for NR, synthetic rubber, and latexes. 

NR, lSNR-5 EVAc, Exxon 218 (vinyl content = 18% melt-flow index = 1.7 g/10 min. Vicat softening point = 64°C) additives include zinc oxide, stearic acid, styrenated phenol, dibenzothiazyl disulfide, DCP and sulfur. 

C, depending on the blend ratio. The blends were compounded in a two-roll laboratory miU, with three cure systems, the mixtures and their ratios being blend (100.0), zinc oxide (5.0), stearic acid (1.5), styrenated phenol (1.0), diben-zothiazyl disulfide (0.8, only in the sulfur and the mixed cure systems) DCP (4.0, 40% active ingredient, only in the DCP and the mixed cure systems) and sulfur (2.5, only in the sulfur and the mixed cure systems). The compounded blends were molded to optimum cure in a steam-heated hydraulic press at 160°C to obtain the test samples. The blends containing 0 wt% EVAc could not be fully cured with sulfur. The samples were irradiated with a Co-60 source at a dose rate of 3.21 kGy/h to doses of 100-500 kGy. 

MAJOR USES Thinner for paints, lacquers and enamels solvent catalyst for acrylic and polyester type resins gasoline blending raw material for peroxides and oxidation catalysts used in the manufacture of styrene, phenol, acetophenone, polymerization catalysts, alphamethylstyrene, diisopropylbenzene. 

MAJOR USES Used in the production of polystyrene, resins, plastics, rubber, boats, ice cream, candy, paints, coatings, copolymers, styrenated phenols and oils. 

OTHER COMMENTS used in the manufacture of plastics and synthetic rubber used as an insulating agent used in the manufacture of styrenated polyester, rubber-modified polystyrene, and copolymer resins used as a monomer for straight polystyrene chemical intermediate for styrenated phenols and styrene oxide used as a synthetic flavoring substance, e.g. for ice cream and candy also used to make paints.. 

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