Styrenated oils

SBR, 23.5% styrene oil-extended 27% oil. c Parts by weight per hundred parts resin. 

Stuffer-box crimping, 19 754 STYRE 4-Styrenesulfonate, 23 535 Styrenated alkyds, 2 148 Styrenated oils, 9 151 Styrene(s), 23 325-357. See also Polystyrene... 

Poly(propylene-co-1 -hexene) Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) Styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene - - oil Styrene-butadiene-styrene -I- oil Nitrile rubber Nitrile rubber -I- diluent ... 

Styrenated oil. A drying oil whose drying and hardening characteristics have been modified by incorporation of styrene or a similar monomer. 

C. M. Miller, Particle formation and growth during styrene oil-in-water miniemul-sion polymerization, PhD dissertation, Lehigh University, 1994 W. V. Smith and R. H. Ewart, /. Chem. Phys., 16, 592 (1948)... 

IISRP Polymer Mooney Nominal Viscosity (My) -1-4 ) Styrene (%) Oil Type Oil Level (phr)... 

IISRP polymer Mooney nominal viscosity (Mil + 4) Styrene (%) Oil type Oil level (PHR)... 

The polymerisation of styrene with vegetable oils involves free radical initiated polymerisation. A free radical type initiator, such as benzoyl peroxide, azobisisobutryronitrile and ditertiarybutyl peroxide is normally used to accelerate the copolymerisation reaction (Rg. 8.4). Linseed, tung,soybean, sunflower and oiticica oils and dehydrated castor oil (DCO) are widely used in the preparation of styrenated-oil products. " The free radical polymerisation of methyl methacrylate or n-butyl methacrylate, using polymeric oil peroxy initiators from the auto-oxidation of linseed oil, soybean oU, and Unoleic acid has been carried out successfully. 

Peterson [15] described a styrenated oil with 50-55% styrene, which corresponded to conventional alkyds with 12.5—15.2 gal of oil to 100 lb of resin. According to Payne [16], there are several competing reactions in this polymerization, and the dominant, that is, faster, reaction determines the type of product produced. Hewitt and Armitage [17] proposed that the copolymerization with conjugated oils, such as tung and oiticia oils, is comparable to the copolymerization of styrene and butadiene in which 1,4-addition is predominant. 

Styrenated alkyds may ako be produced by the addition of glycerol and phthalic anhydride sequentially to the styrenated oil by styrenation of a monoglyceride, followed by reaction with phthalic anhydride and by styrenation of the alkyd resin. According to the literamre [18], styrenated alkyds dry rapidly and are insoluble in aliphatic solvents but are soluble in xylene. However, styrenated alkyds produced from vinyl toluene are soluble in aliphatic solvents such as white spirit. It is generally agreed that styrenated alkyds are faster drying, harder, and more resistant to water and alkaline solution than conventional alkyds. 

In 2000, 3 million tons of polystyrene, commonly known as Styrofoam, was made for use in disposable coffee cups and food packaging, and 2.3 million tons was thrown away. Polystyrene waste does not break down quickly and is difficult to recycle. A new strategy based on the recycling of Styrofoam into PHA was developed by a team of microbiologists at University College Dublin [15]. These scientists found that a soil bacterium, based on Pseudomonas putida, thrives on dirty styrene oil (CgHg) derived from the pyrolysis of polystyrene. In this type of reaction, the styrene is the somce of carbon, which is then stored as PHA (Figure 8.17). 

Benzene was first isolated by Faraday in 1825 from the liquid condensed by compressing oil gas. It is the lightest fraction obtained from the distillation of the coal-tar hydrocarbons, but most benzene is now manufactured from suitable petroleum fractions by dehydrogenation (54%) and dealkylation processes. Its principal industrial use is as a starting point for other chemicals, particularly ethylbenzene, cumene, cyclohexane, styrene (45%), phenol (20%), and Nylon (17%) precursors. U.S. production 1979 2-6 B gals. 

An emulsion model that assumes the locus of reaction to be inside the particles and considers the partition of AN between the aqueous and oil phases has been developed (50). The model predicts copolymerization results very well when bulk reactivity ratios of 0.32 and 0.12 for styrene and acrylonitrile, respectively, ate used. 

The most common VI improvers are methacrylate polymers and copolymers, acrylate polymers (see Acrylic ester polymers), olefin polymers and copolymers, and styrene—butadiene copolymers. The degree of VI improvement from these materials is a function of the molecular weight distribution of the polymer. VI improvers are used in engine oils, automatic transmission fluids, multipurpose tractor fluids, hydrautic fluids, and gear lubricants. Their use permits the formulation of products that provide satisfactory lubrication over a much wider temperature range than is possible using mineral oils alone. 

Pressure sensitive adhesives typically employ a polymer, a tackifier, and an oil or solvent. Environmental concerns are moving the PSA industry toward aqueous systems. Polymers employed in PSA systems are butyl mbber, natural mbber (NR), random styrene—butadiene mbber (SBR), and block copolymers. Terpene and aUphatic resins are widely used in butyl mbber and NR-based systems, whereas PSAs based on SBR may require aromatic or aromatic modified aUphatic resins. 

An a priori method for choosing a surfactant was attempted by several researchers (50) using the hydroph i1 e—1 ip oph i1 e balance or HLB system (51). In the HLB system a surfactant soluble in oil has a value of 1 and a surfactant soluble in water has a value of 20. Optimum HLB values have been reported for latices made from styrene, vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, acrylonitrile, and their copolymers and range from 11 to 18. The HLB system has been criticized as being imprecise (52). 

Pour-Point Depressants. The pour point of alow viscosity paraffinic oil may be lowered by as much as 30—40°C by adding 1.0% or less of polymethacrylates, polymers formed by Eriedel-Crafts condensation of wax with alkylnaphthalene or phenols, or styrene esters (22). As wax crystallizes out of solution from the Hquid oil as it cools below its normal pour point, the additive molecules appear to adsorb on crystal faces so as to prevent growth of an interlocking wax network which would otherwise immobilize the oil. Pour-point depressants become less effective with nonparaffinic and higher viscosity petroleum oils where high viscosity plays a dominant role in immobilizing the oil in a pour-point test. 

Benzene, toluene, and xylene are made mosdy from catalytic reforming of naphthas with units similar to those already discussed. As a gross mixture, these aromatics are the backbone of gasoline blending for high octane numbers. However, there are many chemicals derived from these same aromatics thus many aromatic petrochemicals have their beginning by selective extraction from naphtha or gas—oil reformate. Benzene and cyclohexane are responsible for products such as nylon and polyester fibers, polystyrene, epoxy resins (qv), phenolic resins (qv), and polyurethanes (see Fibers Styrene plastics Urethane POLYiffiRs). 

Fig. 1. SAE J200 Classification system for ASTM No. 3 oil where in volume swell nr = no requirement. EPDM is ethylene—propylene—diene monomer HR, butyl mbber SBR, styrene—butadiene mbber NR, natural mbber VMQ, methyl vinyl siUcone CR, chloroprene FKM, fluoroelastomer FVMQ, fluorovinyl methyl siUcone ACM, acryUc elastomers HSN, hydrogenated nitrile ECO, epichlorohydrin and NBR, nitrile mbber.

Natural mbber was also used extensively in its oil-extended form in winter tires in the 1970s (57). Use of oil-extended natural mbber treads, found to have excellent traction on ice and snow, superseded studded synthetic mbber treads when studs were banned in certain countries and states owing to the damage they cause to partially cleared roads. This concept has been extended into aH-season tires, which account for over 75% of original equipment and replacement tires in the United States. It has been shown (58) that part replacement of styrene—butadiene mbber (SBR) in the formulation of aH-season tire tread compounds with oil-extended natural mbber increases ice and snow traction, reduces rolling resistance, and has no effect on normal wet grip. Also, there is only a minor trade-off in wear performance, because below a tire surface temperature of approximately 32°C, the wear of natural mbber is superior to SBR, whereas above this temperature the reverse is tme (59). Thus, wear of an aH-season tire ultimately depends on the surface temperature of the tread over its annual cycle of temperatures. 

It has been discovered that styrene forms a linear alternating copolymer with carbon monoxide using palladium II—phenanthroline complexes. The polymers are syndiotactic and have a crystalline melting point - 280° C (59). Shell Oil Company is commercializing carbon monoxide a-olefin plastics based on this technology (60). 

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