Structures operations platforms

Support structures Operating platforms Pipe supports Cable trays Enclosures... 

The structures used (platforms) require monitoring in addition to sub-sea pipelines, satellite wells and other equipment (e.g. manifolds) on the sea floor. Corrosion inhibitors are widely used in internal-streams (from the reservoir and many of the downstream operations). Corrosion monitoring can provide valuable data for assessing the effectiveness of the inhibitors used and for optimising dosage rates. 

Because of these collection rates, high-throughput synchrotron operations are as much an issue of sample and data management as of data collection. For this reason, SGX-CAT operations were included in the information management systems for the structural biology platform at SGX at the time of beamline commissioning. These data systems directly link beamline operations to SGX efforts in drug discovery and structural proteomics. 

Grade Location. The most economical and common location of process equipment is at grade. Supporting structures and platforms are not required. Construction is easy. Most valves and instruments can be made accessible firom grade. Operation and maintenance are convenient. Elevated equipment with its structures, platforms, handling beams, etc. means cost increases in several design areas. 

Fixed stairways mnst be provided for access from one structure to another where operations necessitate regnlar travel between levels and for access to operating platforms at any equipment that requires attention routinely during operations. Fixed stairs must also be provided where access to an elevation is daily, or at each shift where such work may expose employees to harmful substances or for purposes for which carrying of tools or equipment by hand is normally required. Spiral stairways are not permitted, except for special limited usage and secondary access situations where it is not practical to provide a conventional stairway. 

A wide variety of equipment falls into this category, ranging from small, mobile tower structures with self-elevating facilities, to large vehicle-mounted, hydraulically-operated platforms. Some of their uses may involve high risk situations - these have been identified by the HSE as where ... 

Drilling Jackets are small steel platform structures which are used in areas of shallow and calm water. A number of wells may be drilled from one jacket. If a jacket is too small to accommodate a drilling operation, a jack-up rig (see below) is usually cantilevered over the jacket and the operation carried out from there. Once a viable development has been proven It is extremely cost effective to build and operate jackets in a shallow... 

The difficulties of such operations on the research platform Nordsee are described in Ref. 9. The Murchison platform was provided with a combination of impressed current protection and galvanic anodes because there was a limit to the load to be transported [12]. The anodes for platforms are installed and provided with cables at the yard. They are installed with redundancy and excess capacity so that no repairs are necessary if there is a breakdown. The lower part of the platform up to the splash zone is usually placed in position in the designated location at least 1 year before the erection of the deck structure so that impressed current protection cannot initially be put in operation. This requires cathodic protection with galvanic anodes for this period. This also means that the impressed current protection is more expensive than the galvanic anodes. 

Known platform or architectural constraints Machines, operating systems, distribution, middleware, legacy systems, and interoperability requirements, all captured by a package structure and collaborations... 

Scalability implies an ability to use the very resources that generate services in the present as platforms for future growth. Using terminology offered by March (1991), scalability represents structures and processes wherein exploration occurs as a byproduct of exploitation. Thereby, it reduces considerably the costs that a firm incurs in reconciling once separated forces for exploration with exploitation (Christensen Raynor, 2003 Thompson, 1967). Indeed, in dynamic environments, the flexibility, speed, and scope of operations required of a firm can be accomplished only if a balance can be generated between exploration and exploitation (Brown Eisenhardt, 1998 March, 1991 Tushman, Smith, Wood, Westerman, O Reilly, 2004). 

The approach taken is loosely based on the input-process-output meta-model utilized to transform a problem statement into a functional process. The section Scope definition discusses the intended purpose and potential constraints of the isolation effort, followed by an overview of the Toolbox available to the practitioner (input). The section Method development scouting and scale-up reviews platform-based, highly automated approaches to selectivity scouting, development of the isolation as well as options for scaling up the chromatographic separation depending on purpose and constraints (process). The final section. Performing the task, explores a work breakdown structure approach to the preparative isolation of impurities as a unit operation in the development process (output). 

In the oil and gas industry, the term abandonment generally refers to the activities undertaken to remove the structures used to sustain oil and gas production after the production is ceased. The structures range from a few tonnes of steel on the seabed to a complete platform constructed from around 30000 tonnes of steel framework. The task of removal requires extremely detailed and careful planning as well as substantial resources. Explosives are very efficient tools for cutting steel underwater and have been the preferred choice of many offshore operators for over 40 years. Also explosives offer the flexibility of a single controlled cut or multiple simultaneous cuts for remote and safe toppling of very large structures [129]. 

Offshore Drilling. When exploration moves offshore, standard drilling equipment obviously must be supplemented by some sort of structure that provides a stable platform for operations. The structure also must be movable, given the odds against a single wildcat finding commercial quantities of petroleum. 

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