Structured what if technique

One effective systematic method, a variation on which will be outlined further in this book, is the SWIFT or Structured What-If Technique. SWIFT is a systems-based risk identification technique that employs structured brainstorming, using pre-developed guidewords or headings in combination with prompts elicited from participants (which often begin with the phrases What if... or How could... ), to examine risks and hazards at a systems or subsystems level [1]. The technique was originally developed as a simpler alternative to HAZOP (see Sect. 13.6.2). 

The approach is flexible and has characteristics which happen to be conducive to managing risk in HIT systems  

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Card A, Ward J, Clarkson P. Beyond FMEA the structured what-if technique (SWIFT). 

Structured What if Technique (SWIFT) SWIFT is a systematic team based study to identify risks and hazards (lEC/ISO 31010, 2009). It employs structured brainstorming and forms an alternative to hazard and operability studies technique (Card et al., 2012, lEC/ISO 31010, 2009). 

Draw resonance structures for the molecule containing one atom each of C, S, and Se. Estimate the contribution of each structure. What experimental techniques could you use to determine if the contributions you assign are reasonable ... 

The cost of performing the hazard identification step depends on the size of the problem and the specific techniques used. Techniques such as brainstorming, what-if analyses, or checklists tend to be less expensive than other more structured methods. Hazard and operability (HAZOP) analyses and failure modes and effects analyses (FMEAs) involve many people and tend to be more expensive. But, you can have greater confidence in the exhaustiveness of HAZOP and FMEA techniques—their rigorous approach helps ensure completeness. However, no technique can guarantee that all hazards or potential accidents have been identified. Figure 8 is an example of the hazards identified in a HAZOP study. Hazard identification can require from 10% to 25% of the total effort in a QRA study. 

What-if. This is an approach whereby a group of experienced people who are very famihar with a system brainstorm about its potential undesired effects. This technique is not structured by nature, but it is used widely to identify hazards and undesired effects. 

Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA). A failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) is more structured than a what-if analysis. The teehnique provides for a rigorous analysis of equipment to identify single failure modes that can lead to an effect or incident. The failure mode provides a description of how the equipment failed (e.g., open, closed, stopped, running, on, off). The effects provide a description of the undesired consequence or incident. As a hazard evaluation technique, it may also be used to prioritize the criticality of each effect. 

This technique is not particularly well structured. The what if checklist is more systematic Thus in many cases this analysis could be followed by other techniques such as checklist. 

It utilizes the creative technique of what if and uses an experience-based checklist to give the combination a structured (systematic) creative analysis technique. The result is a comprehensive hazard analysis that is extremely useful. 

If it is known that a drug must bind to a particular spot on a particular protein or nucleotide, then a drug can be tailor-made to bind at that site. This is often modeled computationally using any of several different techniques. Traditionally, the primary way of determining what compounds would be tested computationally was provided by the researcher s understanding of molecular interactions. A second method is the brute force testing of large numbers of compounds from a database of available structures. 

This is the easiest case for NMR (and other analytical techniques). What we are looking for is the relative proportion of compounds in a mixture. To do this, we identify a signal in one compound and a signal in the other. We then normalise these signals for the number of protons that they represent and perform a simple ratio calculation. This gives us the molar ratio of the two compounds. If we know the structure (or the molecular weight) of these compounds, then we can calculate their mass ratio. 

The existence of active sites on surfaces has long been postulated, but confidence in the geometric models of kink and step sites has only been attained in recent years by work on high index surfaces. However, even a lattice structure that is unreconstructed will show a number of random defects, such as vacancies and isolated adatoms, purely as a result of statistical considerations. What has been revealed by the modern techniques described in chapter 2 is the extraordinary mobility of surfaces, particularly at the liquid-solid interface. If the metal atoms can be stabilised by coordination, very remarkable atom mobilities across the terraces are found, with reconstruction on Au(100), for example, taking only minutes to complete at room temperature in chloride-containing electrolytes. It is now clear that the... 

Remember what you ve learned so far. Look at structure. Look for the main idea of the passage. Consider the purpose for which the passage was written. What clues can you deduce from the writing style about the author s attitude toward the subject Is the attitude positive Negative Objective Try to pick out individual words that further each writer s intent and support each writer s opinion. If it helps, underline or make notes on important points. Active reading techniques like these will keep you focused on some very detailed reading comprehension passages. 

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