Chloride containing electrolyte

Lead-silver is primarily used in seawater and strong chloride-containing electrolytes. PbAg anodes are particularly suitable for use on ships and in steel-water constructions, especially as they are relatively insensitive to mechanical stresses. The original alloy developed by Morgan [8,9] consists of 1% Ag and 6% Sb, with the remainder Pb. It is represented as alloy 1 in Table 7-2. A similar alloy developed by Applegate [10] has 2% Ag and the remainder Pb. Another alloy... 

This material can be used only in seawater or similar chloride-containing electrolytes. This is because the passivation of the silver at discontinuities in the platinum is dependent upon the formation of a film of silver chloride, the low solubility of which, in seawater, inhibits corrosion of the silver. This anode, consisting of Pt-lOPd on Ag, was tried as a substitute for rapidly consumed aluminium, for use as a trailing wire anode for the cathodic protection of ships hulls, and has been operated at current densities as high as 1 900 AmHowever, the use of trailing anodes has been found inconvenient with regard to ships manoeuvrability. 

The existence of active sites on surfaces has long been postulated, but confidence in the geometric models of kink and step sites has only been attained in recent years by work on high index surfaces. However, even a lattice structure that is unreconstructed will show a number of random defects, such as vacancies and isolated adatoms, purely as a result of statistical considerations. What has been revealed by the modern techniques described in chapter 2 is the extraordinary mobility of surfaces, particularly at the liquid-solid interface. If the metal atoms can be stabilised by coordination, very remarkable atom mobilities across the terraces are found, with reconstruction on Au(100), for example, taking only minutes to complete at room temperature in chloride-containing electrolytes. It is now clear that the... 

Potential regions involving passivation. The passivation of the surfaces of metals of the transition metal series has been followed by in situ STM, which at first was expected to be usable only on unoxidized metal surfaces. Passivation has been followed on stainless steel, nickel, and titanium in various buffers and chloride-containing electrolytes. 

Finally, the electrode configuration was tested with artificial sweat instead of sodium chloride-containing electrolyte solutions. No shifts of relationships or different results were found between the experiments performed with artificial sweat and those with sodium chloride solutions (section 10.4). From these results, the following conclusions can be drawn ... 

Morphology of the Ag-Pd alloy of approximate composition 50 at.% Ag - 50 at. % Pd obtained from the chloride-containing electrolyte [16] is similar to that... 

Jovic VD, Stojanovic MV, Jovic BM, Gajic-Krstajic LJ (1992) Electrochemical deposition of Ag, Pd and Ag-Pd alloy from chloride containing electrolyte. J Serb Chem Soc 57 951... 

Fig. 8.25 (a) Polarization curves in chloride-containing electrolytes for different Ni/Mo ratios (marked in the figure), (b) Polarization curve for powder electrodeposition and hydrogen evolution (hot), polarization curve for hydrogen evolution (in), and polarization curve for powder electro-deposition after subtraction of the current density for hydrogen evolution (iMo.Ni o)- Inset current efficiency for Mo-Ni-0 powder electrodeposition as a function of potential (Reprinted from Ref. [1] with kind permission from Springer)... 

Morphology of Mo-Ni-O Powders Electrodeposited from Chloride-Containing Electrolytes... 

In the presence of both aggressive (d , Br, etc) and non-aggressive (OH , NO3, SOl, etc.) anions, the pitting potential depends on the ratio between the two. For chloride containing electrolytes one thus finds ... 

The effect of organic inhibitors on localized or general corrosion also depends on the stability of inhibitors in the presence of different anions. In chloride-containing electrolytes, the effectiveness of many inhibitors is lower due to deterioration of the chloride ion. The influence of benzo-hydroxamic acid derivatives on copper corrosion in chloride-containing solutions was studied by different techniques. In addition to generally applied... 

G Williams, HN McMurray, Localized corrosion of magnesium in chloride-containing electrolyte studied by a scanning vibrating electrode technique. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2008, 155, C340-C349. 

Arenas MA, de Damborenea JJ (2006a) Interference by cerium cations during the multi-step zinc dissolution process in a chloride-containing electrolyte . Corrosion Science 48,3196-3207. 

Since the 1980s the rare earths have been the subject of intensive research in corrosion science. The pioneering work of Amott, Hinton and co-woikers demonstrated that rare earth chlorides imparted considerable corrosion protection to a number of metals under iimnersion conditions in chloride-containing electrolytes. Since that time rare earths have been considered for deoxidisers " and conversion coatings in aerospace and architectural A1 finishing and in inhibited paint systems."" In addition to these application-focused studies, there have been many other studies examining the more fundamental aspects of rare earth inhibition on many metals. ... 

Williams, G., H. N. McMurray, and R. Grace, Inhibition of magnesium localised corrosion in chloride containing electrolyte, Electrochimica Acta, 55, 2010, 7824. 

For similar reasons, the dissolution rate of Cr(III) oxide is extremely slow in the passive state. Additions of Cr therefore stabilize the passive behavior of Fe-Cr alloys and stainless steel. Fe-Cr alloys are more resistant to pitting in chloride-containing electrolytes with more positive pitting potentials compared with pure Fe. The Cr concentration is increased within the passive layer relative to the composition of the bulk metal. Thus, Fe-Cr alloys are more protected against the attack of aggressive anions and pitting by the beneficial effect of Cr. 

It is important to note that residual stresses in A1 products that may arise as a result of quenching and cold working may play an important role in SCC should the level of residual stress be significant. SCC of 7xxx alloys occurs in water and water vapor in addition to chloride-containing electrolytes. Most other susceptible alloys fail only due to exposure to environments containing chloride ions. 

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