Stopped measurements

In projecting results of short-term trials over patients lifetimes, it is typical to present at least two of the many potential projections of lifetime treatment benefit. A one-time effect model assumes that the clinical benefit observed in the trial is the only clinical benefit received by patients. Under this model, after the trial has ended, the conditional probability of disease progression for patients is the same in both arms of the trial. Given that it is unlikely that a therapy will lose all benefits as soon as one stops measuring them, this projection method generally is pessimistic compared to the actual outcome. A continuous-benefit effect model assumes that the clinical benefit observed in the trial is continued throughout the patients lifetimes. Under this model, the conditional probability of disease progression for treatment and control patients continues at the same rate as that measured in the clinical trial. In contrast to the one-time model, this projection of treatment benefit most likely is optimistic compared to the treatment outcome. 

Fig. 10. Photon arrival time statistics of single emitters, (a) Schematic description of the temporal structure of single-emitter emission, (b) Simulated timetraces for different intersystem crossing rates as indicated, (c) Start-stop measurement yielding and anticorrelation, so called antibunching, at zero delay (the offset is due to different lengths of cables for both detectors), (d) Same measurement for pulsed excitation. Thick line Single emitter with missing peak at zero time delay. Thin line scattered laser light signal for comparison.

When the reaction has stopped, measure and record the total mass of the bag and the bag s contents. 

The pour point of crude oils is measured to give an approximate indication as to their pumpability . In fact, the agitation of the fluid brought on by pumping can stop, slow down or destroy the formation of crystals, conferring on the crude additional fluidity beyond that of the measured pour point temperature. 

To determine time dependent behaviours of the specimen up to 25 measurements in series with different time delays are possible. To prevent mistakes in application many help comments appear when inputs are necessary or differences between the calibration and the measurement are detected. All calibration conditions, a description for the specimen and results can be printed or saved by the hard disk. To reduce the input expenditure, the last configuration is made to current values when the program is stopped ore leave. 

Evaluation and calibration. A piece of tube was rotated around its own axis during four channel wall thickness mea.surements (Figure 7). The four traces are not identical A rotation apart as should be expected. The calibrations of the four equipment s from the manufacture was not the same. Especially one of the traces has less dynamic than the other three. Based on these observations a dynamic calibration system was suggested using a tube, which could be rotated around its own axis in the measuring system. The values should be verified using traditional mechanical measurement around the tube circumference. The prototype system was permanently installed in the workshop at the production hall. Experimental work was more difficult under such circumstances so our participation in the development work stopped. 

An interesting aspect of friction is the manner in which the area of contact changes as sliding occurs. This change may be measured either by conductivity, proportional to if, as in the case of metals, it is limited primarily by a number of small metal-to-metal junctions, or by the normal adhesion, that is, the force to separate the two substances. As an illustration of the latter, a steel ball pressed briefly against indium with a load of IS g required about the same IS g for its subsequent detachment [37]. If relative motion was set in, a value of S was observed and, on stopping, the normal force for separation had risen to 100 g. The ratio of 100 IS g may thus be taken as the ratio of junction areas in the two cases. 

Figure A2.1.6. Entropy as a fimction of piston position / (the piston held by stops). The horizontal lines mark possible positions of stops, whose release produees an inerease in entropy, the amount of whieh ean be measured by driving the piston baek reversibly.

The measurement of veloeity is given by L(ty-tj), where L is the eflfeetive length of the flight path and t2-t is the diflferenee in time between the arrival of the partiele at the stop deteetor t. and the start deteetor The uneertainty... 

In AFM, the relative approach of sample and tip is nonnally stopped after contact is reached. Flowever, the instrument may also be used as a nanoindenter, measuring the penetration deptli of the tip as it is pressed into the surface of the material under test. Infomiation such as the elastic modulus at a given point on the surface may be obtained in tliis way [114], altliough producing enough points to synthesize an elastic modulus image is very time consuming. 

Chance B 1951 Rapid and sensitive spectrophotometry. I. The accelerated and stopped-flow methods for the measurement of the reaction kinetics and spectra of unstable compounds in the visible region of the spectrum Rev. Sci. Instrum 22 619-27... 

The excess energies can be measured for a known by essentially a stopping potential method, giving a spechum. This spectrum is then matched with calculated orbital energies (eigenvalues) derived from molecular orbital calculations. 

The other necessary instrumental component for controlled-current coulometry is an accurate clock for measuring the electrolysis time, fe, and a switch for starting and stopping the electrolysis. Analog clocks can read time to the nearest +0.01 s, but the need to frequently stop and start the electrolysis near the end point leads to a net uncertainty of +0.1 s. Digital clocks provide a more accurate measurement of time, with errors of+1 ms being possible. The switch must control the flow of current and the clock, so that an accurate determination of the electrolysis time is possible. 

Onc-Factor-at-a-Timc Optimization One approach to optimizing the quantitative method for vanadium described earlier is to select initial concentrations for ITiOz and 1T2S04 and measure the absorbance. We then increase or decrease the concentration of one reagent in steps, while the second reagent s concentration remains constant, until the absorbance decreases in value. The concentration of the second reagent is then adjusted until a decrease in absorbance is again observed. This process can be stopped after one cycle or repeated until the absorbance reaches a maximum value or exceeds an acceptable threshold value. 

In many applications in mass spectrometry (MS), the sample to be analyzed is present as a solution in a solvent, such as methanol or acetonitrile, or an aqueous one, as with body fluids. The solution may be an effluent from a liquid chromatography (LC) column. In any case, a solution flows into the front end of a mass spectrometer, but before it can provide a mass spectrum, the bulk of the solvent must be removed without losing the sample (solute). If the solvent is not removed, then its vaporization as it enters the ion source would produce a large increase in pressure and stop the spectrometer from working. At the same time that the solvent is removed, the dissolved sample must be retained so that its mass spectrum can be measured. There are several means of effecting this differentiation between carrier solvent and the solute of interest, and thermospray is just one of them. Plasmaspray is a variant of thermospray in which the basic method of solvent removal is the same, but the number of ions obtained is enhanced (see below). 

Since acrylic polymerizations liberate considerable heat, violent or mnaway reactions are avoided by gradual addition of the reactants to the kettie. Usually the monomers are added by a gravity feed from weighing or measuring tanks situated close to the kettie. The rate of monomer addition is adjusted to permit removal of heat with full flow of water in the condenser and a partial flow in the cooling jacket. Flow in the jacket can be increased to control the polymerization in cases of erroneous feed rates or other unexpected circumstances. A supply of inhibitor is kept on hand to stop the polymerization if the cooling becomes inadequate. 

What-If Analysis. The what-if analysis is simply a brainstorming technique that asks a variety of questions related to situations that can occur. For instance, in regards to a pump, the question What if the pump stops mnning might be asked. An analysis of this situation then follows. The answer should provide a description of the resulting consequence. Recommendations then foUow, if required, on the measures taken to prevent an accident. 

An approximate measure of the projected range can be found using LSS theory (8) for ions in the energy range where nuclear stopping dominates... 

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