Cells entrapment

Beniash E, Hartgerink JD, Storrie H et al (2005) Self-assembling peptide amphiphile nanofiber matrices for cell entrapment. Acta Biomater 1 387-397... 

Effect of bead diameter on lactic acid yield is clearly revealed in Fig.6. The optimum bead diameter for the fermentation of lactic acid for cell entrapped in Ca-alginate is 1.0mm with a yield of 30.27 gL and 96.7%. Increasing bead diameter beyond this value did not improve lactic acid production. Smaller bead diameter yields more lactic acid production, due to an increase in the surface volume ratio [9]. A further increase in bead diameter to 5.0mm results in a decrease of lactic acid production to 17.65 gL or 50.7%. 

Shirai, Y., Yamaguchi, M., Kobayashi, A., Nishi, A., Nakamura, H., and Murakami, H., Change in Growth Kinetics of Hybridoma Cells Entrapped in Collagen Gel Affected by Alkaline Supply, Cytotechnol., 14 129 (1994)... 

Relatively less work has been done on immobilization of plant and animal cells and spores of microbes in silica matrixes. The main drawback is less viability of the cells in sol-gel matrices. Thus more refined methods are required to utilize harness of the whole cells entrapped in sol-gel matrices and biosensing applications. At the same time studies such as interactions between sol-gel matrices and whole cells and metabolic changes during immobilization have to be closely monitored for the exploration of new matrices and methods. 

N. Francou, P. Vignais (1984) Hydrogen production by Rhodopseudomonas capsulata cells entrapped in carrageenan beads. Biotechnol. Lett., 6 639-644... 

Sodium lauryl sulfate/benzene Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides Hydrogen production by cells entrapped in RMs was 25-fold higher [282]... 

Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)/ hexane a-Amylase from brewers yeast and invertase from bakers yeast Enzyme activities in cells entrapped in RMs were high compared to free cells [284]... 

The above results [63] demonstrated the capacity of resting cells entrapped in polyethyleneimine-barium alginate to perform repeated oxidative ring expansion of penicillin G to DAOG. Product formation rate was higher with free than... 

Immobilized cells of S. clavuligerus NP1, entrapped on a polymeric matrix, were able to perform oxidative ring expansion of penicillin G into DAOG. Cells entrapped in polyethyleneimine barium alginate (1.5%) were able to sustain activity for at least four 2-hr cycles, whereas free resting cells were inactive after the second cycle. 

The fate of peptide amphiphiles will be critical to their development as materials for in vivo use. Studies by Beniash and colleagues found that cells entrapped within a network of peptide amphiphiles internalize fibers by endocytosis and store these fibers in the lysosome. In this case the fibers displayed a KGE motif, with similar charge properties to RGD, and the cells could proliferate within these scaffolds for at least 3 weeks. Studies of glucose and lactate concentrations suggest the cell may metabolize the peptide amphiphiles (Beniash et al., 2005), indicating that clearance of these peptides from the site of application is unlikely to be an issue for these structures. 

Bellco (Appendix 3) produce a 3 1 air lift bioreactor designed initially for use with hybridoma cells entrapped within alginate macro beads ( 3.6.4). In this system the rate of antibody production was over 10 times that achieved in a spinner culture (Familletti, 1987). 

Woerly, S. Plant, G.W. Harvey, A.R. Cultured rat neuronal and glial cells entrapped within hydrogel polymer matrices A potential tool for neural tissue replacement. Neurosci. Lett. 1996, 205, 197-201. 

Saeki, A. (1990). Studies on acetic acid fermentation. Ill continuous production of vinegar with immobilized Saccaromycodes ludwigii cells and immobilized Acetobacter aceti cells entrapped in calcium alginate gel beads. J. Jpn. Soc. Food Sci. 37, 722-725. 

Fig. 5. Correlation between heat response and reaction rate of cephalosporin C transformation by immobilized D-amino acid oxidase of Trigonopsis variabilis. Enzyme immobilization techniques entrapment in polyacrylamide gel ( ), cells cross-linked with glutaraldehyde ( ), cells entrapped in polyacrylamide gel (a) [28]...

Fine T, Leskinen P, Isobe T, Shiraishi H, Morita M, Marks RS, Virta M (2006) Luminescent yeast cells entrapped in hydrogels for estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemical biodetection. Biosens Bioelectron 21(12) 2263-2269... 

Raji cells were next immobilized in capsules prepared from 5% (Wt./Vol.) solutions of polymers 3 and 12. A batch of cells were harvested in the growth phase, divided, and encapsulated using phosphate buffered saline or RPMI + FBS as the vehicle for both polymers at an initial cell density of about 1.1 x 106/ml internal solution. Capsules, 1 day after preparation in PBS, are depicted in Fig. 29A. The individual cells are represented as dots in the capsule. After 3 days in PBS the cells have clumped together (Fig. 29B), a promising sign that some viability is retained. Cells entrapped with RPMI + FBS clump within 24 h of encapsulation (Fig. 29C), and divide continuously through day 6 (Fig. 29D) to fill the capsule at day 15 (Fig. 29E). The close-up of the filled capsule (Fig. 29F and others not shown) illustrates the thin capsule wall. 

Assuming that the floe in question is a loose aggregate of the individual cells, entrapping a considerable amount (fraction) of water in the intracellular space, the values of and lc2 in this example are deemed in connection with each cellular particle, even though the value of Jy is larger considerably than the original size, dp. 

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