Patent still yield from

Operation and Yield.—Nettleton ( The Manufacture of Whiskey and Plain Spirit Aberdeen, 1913) cites records of various distilling operations at pot and patent still distilleries from which the following have been abstracted for comparison ... 

Furthermore, this approach, especially on a laboratory scale with normal equipment, yields very impure TFE, with the other primary components being hexaflu-oropropene (HEP), octafluorocyclobutane (OFCB), and highly toxic perfluoro-ii o-butylene (PFIB) [20], and after purification, the TFE would still have to be mixed with C02- However, a search of the literature revealed that the 3M Corporation had both patented and published in the early 1950s a procedure for preparing an approximately 50 50-mol% mixture of TFE and CO2 in 90-F percentage yield from the pyrolysis of pentafluoropropionate salts [21,22], as shown in Equation 18.4. We have also... 

The oxidation of methacrolein to methacrylic acid is most often performed over a phosphomolybdic acid-based catalyst, usually with copper, vanadium, and a heavy alkaU metal added. Arsenic and antimony are other common dopants. Conversions of methacrolein range from 85—95%, with selectivities to methacrylic acid of 85—95%. Although numerous catalyst improvements have been reported since the 1980s (120—123), the highest claimed yield of methacryhc acid (86%) is still that described in a 1981 patent to Air Products (124). 

Water from which the nitroglycerine has separated flows to a tank lined with lime-stone and after being neutralized it is discharged to a river or pool. Attempts have been made to recover the appreciable quantity of ions NOf, SO eand HSO still present in the water. In a patent taken out by the Dynamit A.G. in Hamburg [26] neutralization of the waste water with ammonia was suggested followed by evaporation. This yields about 8 kg of nitrates and sulphates mixed in the ratio of approx. 7 3 for every 100 kg of nitroglycerine. It was proposed to use the mixture as a chemical fertilizer. 

Americium was isolated first from plutonium, then from lanthanum and other impurities, by a combination of precipitation, solvent extraction, and ion exchange processes. Parallel with the separation, a vigorous program of research began. Beginning in 1950, a series of publications (1-24) on americium put into the world literature much of the classic chemistry of americium, including discussion of the hexavalent state, the soluble tetravalent state, oxidation potentials, disproportionation, the crystal structure(s) of the metal, and many compounds of americium. In particular, use of peroxydisulfate or ozone to oxidize americium to the (V) or (VI) states still provides the basis for americium removal from other elements. Irradiation of americium, first at Chalk River (Ontario, Canada) and later at the Materials Testing Reactor (Idaho), yielded curium for study. Indeed, the oxidation of americium and its separation from curium provided the clue utilized by others in a patented process for separation of americium from the rare earths. 

In a similar study in two monkeys, cycloguanil pamoate suspended in BBCO was implanted subcutaneously in dialysis sacks at a dose of 50 mg/kg [45]. When challenged with P. cynomolgi trophozoites 21 days later, both monkeys failed to develop patent infections or to yield positive subinoculations. The drug sack was removed from one monkey on day 49 and both were rechallenged on day 52. Typical acute infections developed in the monkey without the drug sack, but protection persisted in the monkey with the sack still implanted. These results confirm the rat studies summarized previously. 

Some reaction systems, which have been described in the patent literature for the production of meat aromas, regard thiamine as precursor. 3-Methyl-2-butene-l-thiol is one of the roast odorants of coffee (cf. 21.1.3.3.7) and can cause on off-flavor in beer (cf. Table 5.5). In general, only very small amounts are formed which are still aroma active on account of the very low odor threshold (Table 5.21). The formation of the thiol is explained by the fact that the 3-methyl-2-butene radical is formed from terpenes by photolysis (beer) or under the drastic conditions of the roasting process (coffee). This radical then meets a SH -radical formed from cysteine under these conditions. In the case of beer, humulons (cf. 20.1.2.3.2) are under discussion as the source of the alkyl radical. In coffee 3-methyl-2-butene-l-ol (prenyl alcohol) is also a possible precursor, which yields the thiol after water elimination and hydrogen sulfide addition. 

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