Sterilization, reproductive

It is necessary to estabUsh a criterion for microbial death when considering a sterilization process. With respect to the individual cell, the irreversible cessation of all vital functions such as growth, reproduction, and in the case of vimses, inabiUty to attach and infect, is a most suitable criterion. On a practical level, it is necessary to estabUsh test criteria that permit a conclusion without having to observe individual microbial cells. The failure to reproduce in a suitable medium after incubation at optimum conditions for some acceptable time period is traditionally accepted as satisfactory proof of microbial death and, consequentiy, stetihty. The appHcation of such a testing method is, for practical purposes, however, not considered possible. The cultured article caimot be retrieved for subsequent use and the size of many items totally precludes practical culturing techniques. In order to design acceptable test procedures, the kinetics and thermodynamics of the sterilization process must be understood. 

Pesticides may not only change the genetic structure of a plant population, but also cause damage, sterility, and malformed outgrowths (morphoses) of the autonomic and reproductive organs. For example, up to 70% of barley plants treated with pesticides were observed to have ear malformation. Using 2,4-D and foxim on barley increased the number of plants with morphoses by a factor of 18-24 [3]. 

Most social insects are found in the order Hymenoptera. Sociality in insects is defined by the presence of one or more of the following traits (1) individuals of the same species cooperate in caring for the young (2) there is a reproductive division of labor, with usually sterile individuals working on behalf of fecund individuals and (3) there is an overlap of at least two generations in life... 

Leopard lizard, Crotaphytus wislizenir, chronic field exposure of 0.04-0.06 Gy daily (4-5 Sv yearly) for 3-6 years No female reproduction in years 3 and 4. In year 5, males were sterile and females had complete regression of ovaries, undeveloped oviductal walls, and hypertrophied fat bodies. In year 6, 75% of females lacked ovaries and 25% had normal ovaries with signs of recent egg deposition males appeared normal 1... 

Marshall LM, Spiegelman D, Goldman MB, Manson JE, Colditz G, Barbieri RL, Stampfer MJ, Hunter DJ (1998) A prospective study of reproductive factors and oral contraceptive use in relation to the risk of uterine leiomyomata. Fertil Steril 70 432-439... 

Porpora MG, Gomel V (1997) The role of laparoscopy in the management of pelvic pain in women of reproductive age. Fertil Steril 68 765-769... 

Each flask colonized with the bacteria is inoculated with surface sterilized 500-1,000 infective juveniles of an appropriate species in 5 ml sterilize distilled water and are incubated at 25°C. The flask after inoculation should not be shaken vigorously to enable better feeding and reproduction of the nematode. 

Male rats administered five oral doses of 20mg/kg had a temporary fertility loss, whereas a single lOOmg/1 dose caused spermatocele formation and probable permanent sterility. Eifty inhalation exposures at 50ppm for 6 hours each caused transient infertility in male rats no changes were observed in reproductive parameters of female rats rabbits remained fertile. There was no evidence of teratogenicity in rat fetuses at doses that caused death in some of the treated dams. ... 

Chemicals can also directly affect male reproductive organs or sperm. Decreased sperm count, decreased sperm motility, or abnormalities can result in male sterility or reduced fertility. For example, occupational exposure to lead can result in infertility due to sperm abnormalities. Male sterility can also result from exposure to the fungicide dibromochloropropane (DBCP). Drugs or chemicals, such as... 

The Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (2006). The menopausal transition. Fertil. Steril. 86, S253-S256. 

Chemicals such as l,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane can disrupt spermatogenesis, leading to impaired reproductive function, including sterility. Men and women undergoing cancer chemotherapy with alkylating drugs are at increased risk for sterility. 

Schetder T (2008) New conceptual frameworks and challenges in the investigation and practice of environmental reproductive health. Fertil Steril 89 25-26... 

Radiation Sterilization Use of radiation to cause a plant or animal to become incapable of reproduction tire use of radiation to kill all forms of life, especially bacteria, in food and surgical sutures. 

Reproductive Toxicology (mammalian) The study of the effects of chemicals on the adult reproductive and neuroendocrine systems, the embryo, foetus, neonate and prepubertal mammal. Reproductive Toxins Tire tenn refers to a specific target organ characterization of effect. These are chemicals which affect the reproductive capabilities including chromosomal damage (mutations) and effects on fetuses (teratogenesis). Signs and symptoms include birth defects sterility. Examples are lead and DBCP. 

The converted mash is pumped to a clean sterilized fermentor and the yeast inoculum is added. The set temperature range for whiskey fermentation of 72 hours is usually 17—21°C. At the beginning, the mash converted composition is approximately 80% sugars, mainly maltose and some (<1%) dextrose (primary conversion). The pH is adjusted to reduce initial bacterial growth. Grain neutral spirits are usually set at 27—29°C to expedite fermentation. Temperatures above 35°C inhibit yeast reproduction and promote rapid bacterial growth. Above 40°C actual yeast kill occurs. 

Reproduction Retinol and retinal are essential for normal repno duction, supporting spermatogenesis in the male and preventing fetal resorption in the female. Retinoic acid is inactive in maintain ing reproduction and in the visual cycle, but promotes growth and differentiation of epithelial cells thus, animals given vitamin A only as retinoic acid from birth are blind and sterile. 

Vitamin A, as retinal, has a clearly established role in vision (Chapter 23) and apparently has a specialized function in reproduction. In vitamin A deficiency no sperm cells are formed in males, and fetal resorption occurs in females. Rats deprived of vitamin Abut fed retinoic acid become blind and sterile but otherwise appear healthy.e bb Evidently either the alcohol or the aldehyde has an essential function in reproduction, whereas bone growth and maintenance of mucous secretions requires only retinoic acid. Indeed, retinoic acid is 100 to 1000 times more active than other forms of vitamin A in these differentiation functions.1 ... 

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