Steel making outputs

The three top steel producers in the world are China, the United States, and Japan, in that order. The United States and Japan each produce around 100 milhon tons (90 million metric tons) of steel per year, and China had an output in 2000 of about 140 milfion tons (127 million metric tons). Iron and steel make up approximately 90 percent of all the metal produced in the world. The largest steel company in the United States is United States Steel, which produces about 20 percent of the cotmtry s steel. 

Both the Pb disc test and the steel dent test are of particular significance to stab detonators. As a matter of illustration, the steel dent test (Ref 10) consists of firing a detonator in direct end-on contact with a steel block. The depth of the dent produced is a measure of output. The depth, or better, the volume of the dent correlates well with initiation effectiveness. The low-rate detonation, which crushes nearly as much sand as high-order detonation, makes no dent in a steel plate. It has been demonstrated that the depth of the dent is proportionate to the excess of pressure over the yield strength of the steel of the dent block, integrated over the volume of the detonation head. It has been found that a detonator of 0.190-inch diameter or larger, which produces a dent 0.010 of an inch deep in a mild steel block, will initiate a lead of Tetryl or RDX under favorable conditions. Specification requirements for detonators to be used in fuses are usually at least 0.015 to 0.020 inch in depth, and many produce dents up to 0.060 inch deep... 

The marketable slag makes up about 10 to 15% of the steel output, or 210 to 300 lb/t of steel.1 BOF dust and sludge generated during the cleaning of gases emitted from the BOF represent two of the three largest-volume wastes typically land disposed by the iron and steel industry. 

For pipe systems of stainless steel carrying chlorinated seawater, internal localized corrosion can be very efficiently prevented by the application of Resistance-controlled Cathodic Protection (RCP). A resistance is simply inserted between the sacrificial anode and the pipeline, and this makes a system that is particularly suitable when there is a low diffusion-limiting cathodic current in the critical potential range [10.29]. Typical of the method is that the current output from the anode is kept low, which has the consequence that the voltage drops are low and the protected pipe length from each anode is long. 

The final element of the manager s job is to improve. This means that over time the firm must increase the productivity of each process. Productivity is measured as the ratio of process output to process input. For example, if a firm ordinarily produces 10 parts from 1 pound of steel in one hour, its productivity is increased if it can start making 11 parts from 1 pound of steel in one hour. However, the productivity measure must be used with care. Goldratt (1992) and... 

Figure 8.14 Thermal decomposition of limestone (calcium carbonate). Calcium oxide, or quicklime, is prepared by decomposing calcium carbonate in a large kiln at 800°C to 1000°C. Calcium oxide is among the most widely used chemicals in the United States, annual consumption being measured in the millions of tons. Nearly one half the CaO output is used in the steel industry, and much of the remainder is used to make slaked lime, Ca(OH>2, by reaction with water. (As an exercise, write the equation for the reaction of calcium oxide with water that yields calcium hydroxide.)... 

The supply chain network design is also influenced by the transformation occurring at each facility. When there is a significant reduction in material weight or volume as a result of processing, it may be better to locate facilities closer to the supply source rather than the customer. For example, when iron ore is processed to make steel, the amount of output is a small fraction of the amount of ore used. Locating the steel factory close to the supply source is preferred because it reduces the distance that the large quantity of ore has to travel. 

The aetive material of most modem types of nickel-cadmium battery is enelosed in pockets of peiTorated steel strips, whieh are joined to the plate materials. The steel strips, whieh form the walls of the pockets, are perforated from both the inside and the outside. This double perforation ereates a maximum surface area which makes for high output performance. This means that nickel-eadmium batteries can supply up to three times as much current in proportion to their nominal capacity as is normal for lead—acid batteries. 

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