State, states commonwealth

RICHARD KOPLEY, Associate Professor of English at Penn State DuBois and Head of the Division of English for Penn State s Commonwealth College, is President of the Poe Studies Association. He is editor of Poe s Pym Critical Explorations (1992), Prospects for the Study of American Literature A Guide for Scholars and Students (1997), and The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym (1999) co-editor of the journal. Resources for American... 

Manufacturers. Besides manufacturers in the United States, commercial fluorine plants are operating in Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom (see Table 5). Fluorine is also produced in the Commonwealth of Independent States (former Soviet Union) however, details regarding its manufacture, production volumes, etc, are regarded as secret information. The total commercial production capacity of fluorine in the United States and Canada is estimated at over 5000 t/yr, of which 70—80% is devoted to uranium hexafluoride production. Most of the gas is used in captive uranium-processing operations. 

In the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS, formerly the USSR), nearly 50% of the CIS production comes from Ka2akhstan. Silver is produced from the lead—2inc mines at Ostkamen, Shymkent, and Leninogorsk (ca 1000 t) and also in Russia s Far East, where it is a by-product of the tin deposits near Khabarovsk, and of the copper and gold deposits in the Ural Mountains. 

Electrolysis. Although in Western countries the aluminothermic process has now completely replaced the electrolytic method, electrolysis is beheved to be the method used for calcium production in the People s RepubHc of China and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). This process likely involves the production of a calcium—copper alloy, which is then redistilled to give calcium metal. 

Calcium metal is produced in the United States by Pfizer Inc., Canaan, Coimecticut, and in Canada by Timminco Metals, Toronto, Ontario. In France it is produced by Pechiney ElectrometaHurgie. It is also produced in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the People s RepubHc of China. Both Pfizer and Timminco supply the various grades in a variety of sizes and forms. In addition, Pfizer suppHes an 80% Ca—20% Mg alloy and a steel-clad calcium wire for use in deoxidation of steel and other metals. Timminco and Pfizer both supply ca 75% Ca—25% Al alloy for use in lead alloying. Timminco also suppHes a 70% Mg—30% Ca alloy for use in lead debismuthizing (18), and calcium particulate products, which are purchased by several companies for the manufacture of cored wire for use in the steel industry. 

Known world coal reserves in 1990 were estimated to be about 1000—1600 biUion metric tons (4). The geographic distribution of these reserves is widespread, but about two-thirds of this coal resides in the United States, People s RepubHc of China, and the Commonwealth of Independent States. 

In 1942 the Japanese overran Malaya and the then Dutch East Indies to cut off the main sources of natural rubber for the United States and the British Commonwealth. Because of this the US Government initiated a crash programme for the installation of plants for the manufacture of a rubber from butadiene and styrene. This product, then known as GR-S (Government Rubber-Styrene), provided at that time an inferior substitute for natural rubber but, with a renewed availability of natural rubber at the end of the war, the demand for GR-S slumped considerably. (Today the demand for SBR (as GR-S is now known) has increased with the great improvements in quality that have been made and SBR is today the principal synthetic rubber). 

In addition, you must send a copy of the report to the State in which the facility is located ( State" refers to State of the U.S., the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, the Northern Mariana Islands, and any other territory or possession over which the U.S. has jurisdiction). Refer to Appendix Q for the appropriate State address for your submission. If your facility is located on Indian land, send a copy to the Chief Executive Officer of the applicable Indian tribe. Some tribes have entered into a cooperative agreement with the State, in which this case. Form R submissions should be sent to the entity designated In the cooperative agreement. 

In Russia, the Commonwealth of Independent States, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Croatia, the amounts of gas in this category are calculated for undrilled structures and horizons not tested by drilling in discovered deposits, in which favourable geological and geophysical data suggest that the existence of reserves may be anticipated. 

Turkey United Kingdom USA CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States] Slovenia, Croatia Bosnia-Herzegovina, The Former Viigoslav Republic of Macedonia... 

The British Standards Institute (BSI) is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards and presents the British view on many issues, including boiler water treatment practice. It is held in much the same level of esteem in Europe and the Commonwealth as ASME is in the United States. 

Trichloroethylene has been identified in at least 861 of the 1,428 hazardous waste sites that have been proposed for inclusion on the EPA National Priorities List (NPL) (HazDat 1996). However, the number of sites evaluated for trichloroethylene is not known. The frequency of these sites can be seen in Figure 5-1. Of these sites, 857 are located in the United States and 3 are located in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and 1 in the Virgin Islands (not shown). 

University of Southern California —Los Angeles, 238 University of Waterloo, 393 Virginia Commonwealth University, 127 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 85,258,459 Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry—Romania, 229... 

Raymond, Robert and Michael Charlton. From alchemy to atom / Commonwealth Aluminum written by Robert Raymond and Michael Charlton. Sydney University Park (PA) Opus Films Penn State Audio-Visual Services [distributor], 1990. 

No new nuclear plants have been built in the United States since 1978. In early 1998, Commonwealth Edison announced it would shut down its two Zion units and Millstone One in Connecticut was retired last year. Utilities have shut down operating plants, and more plants are likely to be closed as the electricity system in the US. deregulates. The Energy Information Administration notes that, if no new plants are built, nuclear power in the U S. is likely to drop by over 40% in the next 20 years. 

Natural gas and petroleum pipelines play a crucial role in Russia s economy, both in distributing fuel to domestic industrial consumers and in supporting exports to Europe and countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (former USSR). Their complex network connects production regions with virtually all of Russia s centers of population and industry. Pipelines are especially important because of the long distances between Siberian oil and gas fields and Russia s European industrial centers as well as countries to the west. 

Heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide have been identified in at least 129 and 87 sites of the 1,300 NPL hazardous waste sites, respectively (HAZDAT 1992) however, the total number of sites evaluated for these compounds is not known. Of the identified sites, 1 site for heptachlor and 2 sites for heptachlor epoxide are located in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (not shown). The frequency of these sites within the United States can be seen in Figures 5-1 and 5-2. 

Commonwealth of Virginia. 1988. Commonwealth of Virginia State Water Control Board Regulations. Richmond, VA Commonwealth of Virginia State Water Control Board Regulations, Water Quality Standards. 

The Commonwealth Department of Health was established in 1921, but most health-related activities at that time remained the responsibility of the States. The current name is the Department of Health and Ageing but its description frequently changes, so throughout this chapter the Department will be called the Department of Health and the relevant Commonwealth Government Minister will be called the Minister for Health. 

Some States had separate arrangements that covered the few locally manufactured products sourced from local active ingredients, as the Commonwealth s jurisdiction was limited to imports, exports and goods crossing State borders (although the last power was thought unlikely to sustain a prosecution if taken to court). 

By the late 1980s, it had also become clear that reliance on a combination of Commonwealth and State legislation was not the best way to ensure that desired standards were met. There were many complaints about loopholes and lack of uniformity. The way forward came from an unexpected source, namely, a court case that confirmed that the Commonwealth Government has powers over all corporations, and thus these powers could be used in relation to therapeutic goods matters even if they occurred within one State. 

The authority for the Commonwealth Government to provide pharmaceutical benefits was introduced in the 1940s. Prior to that, except for the Federal scheme covering war veterans, health care was the province of the States. 

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