Starch/glucose syrup

The hydrophilic part of the alkyl polyglucoside is derived from a carbohydrate source, and raw material costs increase in the order starch/glucose syrup/glucose monohydrate/water free glucose while plant equipment requirements and hence cost decrease in the same order. 

The process is remarkable for its scale, for the range of intermediate products (such as partially hydolysed starch, glucose syrup, and purified... 

Often, microbial fermentation media for biochemicals or enzyme production (Figure 1.10) contain cheap complex ingredients such as corn steep liquor, starch, glucose syrup, yeast extract, or other complex compounds that are not fully defined. The source of such raw materials is critical and will greatly impact growth and production. In either case, the medium, transfer lines, and bioreactor vessels are sterilized prior to use. 

B. E. Noiman, A Novel Debranching En mefor Application in the Glucose Syrup Industy, Starch/StArke 34, no. 10,1982, pp. 340—346. 

By-products of starch refining and HFCS prodnction are significant and rednce HFCS production costs by 30 5% (Table 4.2). This is because the com is 70% starch on a dry weight basis, it also contains 10% protein, 4.5% fat and 2.7% erode fibre. In addition much of the glucose syrup produced is fermented to produce ethanol for fuel use. 

Thirdly there is the conversion of the glucose syrups into HFCS using iimnobilised glucose isomerase. Use of soluble enzyme is not possible because of its high cost, and because it is an intracellular enzyme and is only stable when used still associated with its parent cell. The activities and costs of these enzymes are given in Table 4.5. These starch enzymes rank with some of the largest enzymes in world market. 

Figure 8.14 CLSM images showing the initial development of the microstructure of a phase-separated mixed biopolymer system (25.5 wt% sugar, 31.4 wt% glucose syrup, 7 wt% gelatin, and 4 wt% oxidized starch pH = 5.2, low ionic strength) containing 0.7 wt% polystyrene latex particles (d32 = 0.3 pm). The sample was quenched from 90 to 1 °C, held at 1 °C for 10 min, heated to 40 °C at 6 °C min-1, and observed at 40 °C for various times (a) 2 min, (b) 4 min, (c) 8 min, and (d) 16 min. White regions are rich in colloidal particles. Reproduced from Firoozmand et ai (2009) with permission.

Glucose syrup solids from wheat, rice, and cassava starches. A... 

This study supports the hypothesis that high DE maltodextrins and syrup solids permit the formation of encapsulated products with excellent stability to oxidation. Different enzyme-hydrolyzed starches yielded encapsulated orange oils which varied in stability amylomaize and potato maltodextrins exhibited the poorest stabilities while normal corn, waxy corn, cassava, rice, and wheat glucose syrup solids yielded the best and approximately equivalent shelf-lives. Based on oil retention during drying, amylomaize, wheat, rice, and cassava yielded satisfactory products. 

Glucose syrups, also known as com syrups in the United States, are defined by the European Commission (EC) as a refined, concentrated aqueous solution of D(+)-glucose, maltose and other polymers of D-glucose obtained by the controlled partial hydrolysis of starch (Howling, 1984). Glucose syrups were fust manufactured industrially in the nineteenth century by acid hydrolysis of starch. Hydrochloric acid was normally used, because sulphuric acid caused haze in syrups due to insoluble sulphates. The source of starch can vary in the United States corn is widely used, whereas in other parts of the world wheat, potato and cassava starch are also employed. Acid hydrolysis of starch is still used today. The method is non-specific, but if conditions are tightly controlled, it is possible to make products with a reasonably consistent carbohydrate profile. 

Glucose syrups. Glucose syrups are a group of industrial syrups manufactured from starch - usually corn starch (maize). The starch may be hydrolysed by either acid or enzymic hydrolysis or, more usually, a combination... 

The electrolysis of glucose syrup from the acidic hydrolysis of starch yields pure D-glucose. Symp is placed in a chamber with a lead cathode surrounded by diaphragm.321 Starch was similarly electrolyzed, with an energy consumption of 0.05-0.1 kWh/kg of starch. The degradation of starch in alkali is less selective and faster than in acidic medium, as shown in Fig. 38. 

Starches may be used directly as feedstocks, or in more technical uses in modified form (typically as starch esters and ethers), or simply converted to glucose syrups for use in industrial fermentation processes or for onward conversion to isoglucose (fructose). After use of unmodified starches in ethanol production, the largest industrial user of both unmodified and modified starches is the papermaking... 

Glucose syrups are easily fermented by yeast to ethanol. While beverage ethanol has been produced from many sources of sugar and starch for countless centuries, large-scale production of fuel-grade ethanol by fermentation is attributed to a demand for combustible motor fuel additives. 

Calendar year HFS Sweeteners Glucose syrup, b Dextrose Total Total caloric sweetenersb Starch-derived sweeteners share of total caloric sweeteners, %... 

Water washed, salt solution washed, cold solvent washed and sieved wheat starches did not improve filterability and final color of glucose syrups compared to those of well washed large granule wheat and com starches.561 When using a well washed, large granule wheat starch fraction, the ease of processing and final syrup quality are similar in most respects to that of corn syrups. 

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