Standardization environmental protection regulations

Code of Federal Kegulations Tide 40, Environmental Protection Administration Superintendent of Documents GPO Washington, D.C. 20402 Safety regulations and standards issued by the U.S. EPA. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Ageny Report No. EPA-450/2-75-009, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C., Oct. 1975. EPA Regulations, 40 CFR 61, Subpart F—National Emission Standard for Viayl Chloride, Aug. 27, 1993. 

Despite the attractions of economic forces driving environmental protection, some cautions and failures have been noted. Firstly, the export of hazardous waste to countries where costs for treatment are lower enhances environmental risks during transport and has the potential for transboundary export in the event of pollution. At the same time, the loss of raw material may deprive the home market of an adequate supply of feedstock for the home-based industry. Secondly, there is considerable scepticism that self-regulation of TBT-based antifoulants could be achieved in a timely manner by the shipping industry. This is an instance where the cost benehts to one industry are born by another commercial sector, notably aquaculture. Thus, protection of the marine environment is likely to be aided by economic factors but the role of government, via taxation and standard setting, is not likely to be usurped. Public education and, in turn, pressure, can promote and support corporate environmentalism. 

Effective with the 1982 model year, particulate matter from diesel vehicles was regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for the first time, at a level of 0.37 gm km . Diesel vehicles were allowed to meet an NO level of 0.93 gm km under an Environmental Protection Agency waiver. These standards were met by a combination of control systems, primarily exhaust gas recirculation and improvements in the combustion process. For the 1985 model year, the standards decreased to 0.12 gm of particulate matter per kilometer and 0.62 gm of NO per kilometer. This required the use of much more extensive control systems (1). The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (2) have kept the emission standards at the 1985 model level with one exception diesel-fueled heavy trucks shall be required to meet an NO standard of 4.0 gm per brake horsepower hour. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations for commercial, jet, and turbine-powered aircraft (3) are based on engine size (thrust) and pressure ratio (compressor outlet/compressor inlet) for the time in each mode of a standardized takeoff and landing cycle. Once the aircraft exceeds an altitude of 914 m, no regulations apply. 

The Clean Air Act is the comprehensive Federal law that regulates air en stationary, and mobile sources. This law authorizes the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to protect public health and the environment. The goal of the Act was to set and achieve NAAQS in every state by 1975. This ng of maximum pollutant standards was coupled with directing the states to develop state... 

Air pollution in the United States is regulated at federal, state, and local levels. Allowable concentrations of the major air pollutants are set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the auspices of the Clean Air Act. States and localities implement pollution control plans in accordance with the provisions of the Clean Air Act in regions where air pollutant concentrations exceed the federal standards. Some states and localities have air pollution standards of their own, and in the past, such standards have occasionally been more stringent than those of the EPA. 

EPA. 1986f. Ambient water quality criteria for Parathion - 1986. Washington, DC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and Standards Division. EPA440/5-86-007. 

EPA. 1981. Effluent guidelines and standards. Toxic Pollutants. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR 401.15. 

USEPA] US Environmental Protection Agency. 2005. Standards of performance for new and existing stationary sources electric utihty steam generating units Final Rule. Fed Reg 70, Wednesday, May 18, 2005/Rules and Regulations. 40 CFR Parts 60, 72, and 75. [OAR-2002-0056 FRL-7888-1]. RIN 2060-AJ65... 

Water for injection (WFI) is the most widely used solvent for parenteral preparations. The USP requirements for WFI and purified water have been recently updated to replace the traditional wet and colorimetric analytical methods with the more modern and cost-effective methods of conductivity and total organic carbon. Water for injection must be prepared and stored in a manner to ensure purity and freedom from pyrogens. The most common means of obtaining WFI is by the distillation of deionized water. This is the only method of preparation permitted by the European Pharmacopoeia (EP). In contrast, the USP and the Japanese Pharmacopeias also permit reverse osmosis to be used. The USP has also recently broadened its definition of source water to include not only the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Primary Drinking Water Standards, but also comparable regulations of the European Union or Japan. 

These regulations must be compared with those of the Environmental Protection Agency. Since the goals of the two federal agencies are different it cannot be predicted which standards will be more stringent. All that can be said is that both must be met. 

---