Standard Test Conditions

Smoke, Flash, and Fire Points. These thermal properties may be determined under standard test conditions (57). The smoke poiat is defined as the temperature at which smoke begias to evolve continuously from the sample. Flash poiat is the temperature at which a flash is observed whea a test flame is appHed. The fire poiat is defiaed as the temperature at which the fire coatiaues to bum. These values are profouadly affected by minor coastitueats ia the oil, such as fatty acids, moao- and diglycerides, and residual solvents. These factors are of commercial importance where fats or oils are used at high temperatures such as ia lubricants or edible frying fats. 

If the experiment is conducted in stages, precautions must be taken to ensure that possible differences between the stages do not invaUdate the results. Appropriate procedures to compare the stages must be included, both in the test plan and in the statistical analysis. For example, some standard test conditions, known as controls, may be included in each stage of the experiment. 

BOD test A procedure that measures the rate of oxygen use under controlled conditions of time and temperature. Standard test conditions include dark incubation at 20 C for a specified time (usually 5 days). 

Flammability. The fire hazard associated with plastics has always been difficult to assess and numerous tests have been devised which attempt to grade materials as regards flammability by standard small scale methods under controlled but necessarily artificial conditions. Descriptions of plastics as selfextinguishing, slow burning, fire retardant etc. have been employed to describe their behaviour under such standard test conditions, but could never be regarded as predictions of the performance of the material in real fire situations, the nature and scale of which can vary so much. 

The Melt Flow Rate Test is a method used to characterise polymer melts. It is, in effect, a single point ram extruder test using standard testing conditions (BS... 

Important flammability characteristics are the lower and upper flammability limits, the flash point, the minimum ignition energy, the minimum oxygen concentration, and the autoignition temperature. Values of some of these properties are published for many compounds (NFPA, 1994). These numbers have typically been developed under standardized test conditions. Process conditions may influence their values. 

Manufacturers will publish rating and application data for their products, based on standard test conditions and for the more usual range of uses. They cannot be expected to have accurate figures for every possible combination of conditions for an individual purpose, although most will produce estimates if asked. 

This is determined by applying a suitable design stress factor (factor of safety) to the maximum stress that the material could be expected to withstand without failure under standard test conditions. The design stress factor allows for any uncertainty in the design methods, the loading, the quality of the materials, and the workmanship. 

Standard state, for molecules, 24 687—688 Standard state enthalpy change for methanol synthesis, 25 305 Standard-state heat, 24 688 Standard-state heat of reaction, 24 688 Standards-writing organizations, 15 760 Standard Test Conditions (STC), 23 38 Standard test methods, 15 747—748 Standpipe pressure profiles, 11 818 Standpipes, in circulating fluidized beds, 11 817-819 Stand-retting, 11 606 Stannane, 13 613, 24 813... 

Standard test conditions 15 min. incubation at 20° in bicarbonate buffer, pH 7-4, in absence of substrate.)... 

Advantages of animal studies include standardized test conditions, the possibility to detect far more effects through invasive measurements and postmortem examinations, the possibihty to investigate modes and mechanisms of action, and to investigate dose-effect relationships for single chemical substances. 

Our initial work on the TEMPO / Mg(N03)2 / NBS system was inspired by the work reported by Yamaguchi and Mizuno (20) on the aerobic oxidation of the alcohols over aluminum supported ruthenium catalyst and by our own work on a highly efficient TEMP0-[Fe(N03)2/ bipyridine] / KBr system, reported earlier (22). On the basis of these two systems, we reasoned that a supported ruthenium catalyst combined with either TEMPO alone or promoted by some less elaborate nitrate and bromide source would produce a more powerful and partially recyclable catalyst composition. The initial screening was done using hexan-l-ol as a model substrate with MeO-TEMPO as a catalyst (T.lmol %) and 5%Ru/C as a co-catalyst (0.3 mol% Ru) in acetic acid solvent. As shown in Table 1, the binary composition under the standard test conditions did not show any activity (entry 1). When either N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) or Mg(N03)2 (MNT) was added, a moderate increase in the rate of oxidation was seen especially with the addition of MNT (entries 2 and 3). 

Cloud Point This is the temperature at which a cloud or haze of wax crystals appears when a fuel or lubricant is cooled under standard test conditions. 

In addition to oral interviews, there is a new trend that is becoming more prevalent throughout the country the use of video-based tests for observing and assessing interpersonal skills and judgment under standardized testing conditions. These sessions may be used subsequent to the oral interview, or in lieu of it, depending on the department s individual require-... 

Neuromuscular blockade produced by succinylcholine and mivacurium can be prolonged in patients with a genetically abnormal variant of plasma cholinesterase. The dibucaine number is a measure of the ability of a patient to metabolize succinylcholine and can be used to identify at-risk patients. Under standardized test conditions, dibucaine inhibits the normal enzyme by 80% and the abnormal enzyme by only 20%. Many genetic variants of plasma cholinesterase have been identified, although the dibucaine-related variants are the most important. Given the rarity of these genetic variants, plasma cholinesterase testing is not a routine clinical procedure. 

The standardization of this type of measurement in ISO TC 45 came to a grinding halt as a result of problems with ASTM copyright, possible patent issues, lack of verification of the applicability of the standard test conditions and the need to make the document applicable to instruments from different manufacturers. It looks like a prime case of where a standard should be written in the form of a guide because the procedure and test conditions will vary according to the particular production situation and problems. 

The specific surface area of the fibers was determined using inert gas adsorption in a commercial volumetric adsorption system (Micromeritics Instrument Corp.). Krypton gas was used because of its sensitivity to the small specific surface areas of the glass fibers ( 0.2 mz/g). The fibers were degassed at 100°C to a pressure of 80mTorr before introducing the adsorbate gas into the sample chamber. Several samples were also outgassed at 80 and 200°C (to 80 mTorr) to confirm that outgassing was sufficiently complete under the standard test conditions. A standard five-point surface area determination was made for each inert gas adsorption experiment. 

Moisture total moisture content of a sample customarily determined by adding the moisture loss obtained when air drying the sample and the measured moisture content of the dried sample. Moisture does not represent all of the water present in coal, as water of decomposition (combined water) and hydration are not given off under standardized test conditions. 

For the WGS reaction, the standard testing conditions were chosen as typical of the low-temperature shift inlet conditions imposed by conventional outlet high-temperature shift conditions, e.g., 200 °C 3% CO, 37% H2, 14% C02, 23% H20, Ar balance GSHV = 3000. 

Flush the system thoroughly with water to remove all traces of detergent measure the pure water flux through the membrane modules under standard test conditions. Even after cleaning, some degree of permanent flux loss over time is expected. If the restoration of flux is less than expected, repeat steps 1-3. 

Peak Watt A manufacturer s unit indicating the amount of power a photovoltaic cell or module will produce at standard test conditions (normally 1,000 watts per square meter and 25 degrees Celsius). 

Needless to say that the Deutsche Institut fur Normung (DIN, German Institute for Standardization) has determined the minimum values of break-through times of filters under standard testing conditions. These conditions are ... 

The melt flow indexer. The melt flow indexer is often used in industry to characterize a polymer melt and as a simple and quick means of quality control. It takes a single point measurement using standard testing conditions specific to each polymer class on a ram type extruder or extrusion plastometer as shown in Fig. 2.45. 

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is arguably the oldest total parameter used for the characterization of water quality. It was introduced in the first decade of the twentieth century as a test for the organic pollution of rivers. BOD is the amount of oxygen in mg L 1 required for the oxidation of the organic matter contained in water by biological action under standardized test conditions (usually a temperature of 20°C and an incubation time of 5 days).8 9 The test is often used to evaluate the efficiency of wastewater treatment processes. 

Figure 21 shows two prototypes of the monolithic Z-type interconnected modules, fabricated by Aisin Seiki in Japan. Note that carbon is used as a back contact to cut cost. Field tests of such modules already started several years ago and the results of these tests revealed advantages of the DSC with regards to silicon panels under realistic outdoor conditions. Thus, for equal rating under standard test conditions the DSC modules produced 20-30% more energy under real outdoor conditions than the polycrystalfine silicon (pc-Si) modules. A photograph of the test station comparing the two types of photovoltaic technologies is shown in Fig. 22. The superior performance of the DSC can be ascribed to the following factors ...

Photovoltaic Array. For Case 1, a total of 588 individual modules are used in the simulation, and the array is configured with 147 parallel strings of 4 modules each. The panels are tilted at an angle of 45° to optimize electricity production during the winter months. Using the manufacturer s guaranteed power output of 100 W per module at standard test conditions (irradiance = 1000 W/m2, cell temperature = 25°C), the peak power output of the array is expected to be 58.8 kW. 

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