Parallel strings

Cake removal usually is with a scraper into a screw or belt conveyor, but Figure 11.12(d) depicts the use of a drum with a filtering belt that is subject to a continual cleaning process. Some filters have a multi parallel string discharge assembly whose path follows that of the belt shown. 

Case 2 includes a total of 12 batteries arranged in an array of three parallel strings of four batteries each. A similar type of battery has been used in this simulation, however in this case each parallel string has a capacity of 635 Ah. With 1905 Ah total storage capacity, the battery array has the ability to solely power the load for 1.25 days, based on 58 kWh daily consumption. 

Photovoltaic Array. For Case 1, a total of 588 individual modules are used in the simulation, and the array is configured with 147 parallel strings of 4 modules each. The panels are tilted at an angle of 45° to optimize electricity production during the winter months. Using the manufacturer s guaranteed power output of 100 W per module at standard test conditions (irradiance = 1000 W/m2, cell temperature = 25°C), the peak power output of the array is expected to be 58.8 kW. 

The majority of VRLA batteries produced today are used in standby applications to provide a reliable source of power in the event of failure of the mains supply. Discharges are infrequent and the batteries are maintained by float charging at a preset voltage. For example, European practice is to use parallel strings (usually 48 V) across a 54.5 V supply (2.27 V per cell). Adequately designed new cells, after conditioning and free of impurities, have a float current of < 1 mA per Ah at 20°C. 

The 7-MWh battery consisted of two parallel strings, each of 200 cells with an individual capacity of 9000 Ah. The cells had tubular positive plates and copper... 

The battery consists of two parallel strings of GNB Absolyte IIP, type 100A99 VRLA modules of the absorptive glass-mat (AGM) design. These are configured as... 

Ford Motor Co. has built and tested a 24-cell battery containing four parallel strings of six tubular electrolyte cells in series (3). The 12-V, 400-W (peak power) battery s power and energy exceeded 209 W/kg... 

In the downhole U-shaped heater of American design (U.S. Patent No. 3004603,10-17-1961), a U-bend piece made of refractory ceramics is installed below the combustion chamber of the heater. Through its walls, the U-bend transfers the heat of combustion to the bottomhole of the well. The products of combustion are then removed from the well through a parallel string of tubing. As the gas-air mixture is supplied to the downhole heater, it is cooled by circulating water. In a variant of the U-shaped heater, a small diameter pipe connects the combustion chamber with... 

For smaller battery systems cells are arranged with parallel connections at the cell level, but for large arrays the parallel cell strings are often treated as separate and complete batteries that are then connected in parallel only at the most positive and most negative points. This may add extra cost and complexity but allows for easier segmentation and sizing since the parallel strings can be added or removed relatively easily. 

Feine Filter. A filter-press (q.v.) filter, made from parallel strings instead of cloth. 

Therefore, this planar arrangement is provided for a particle CN=4, i.e., in which the parallel strings have the centers of spheres placed on a perpendicular line on the reticular strings direction. 

However, free spaces remain between plane netwoik particles, called interstices or voids. In (a)-type arrangement, the void shape is a square, defined by joining the centers of the four spheres from successive parallel strings, with the surface ... 

Cells are connected in parallel and in series combination. Dustmann at MES-DEA S. A introduced some example [1]. Types of battery vary with one to five parallel strings, up to 220 cells in series and 100-500 cells in one battery pack. The standard battery type Z5C (32 or 64 Ah as nominal capacity and 557 or 278.6 V as OCV, respectively) has 216 cells arranged in one (OCV = 557 V) or two (OCV = 278 V) strings. Cooling plate separates each second cell, through which ambient air is circulated. Cooling power is 1.6-2 kW. Cells are surrounded by a double-walled vacuum insulation for thermal insulation. The thickness of walls is typically 25 mm. This configuration has a heat conductivity of only 0.006 W/mK and is stable for up to 1,000 °C. 

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