Stains from oxidation

Thermal dissociation produces ammonium fluoride and ammonia at elevated temperatures products contain ammonia and hydrogen fluoride. It forms a colorless double salt, ammonium iron fluoride SNEUF FeFs, with iron, a reaction of commercial apphcation for removing stains from fabric. It reacts with many metal oxides at elevated temperatures forming double fluorides ... 

Under Miscellaneous Formulas you will find a number of useful items. Kodak S-6 stain remover, for example, which will help remove both oxidation and developer stains from film. I hope you will never need to use it, but I have included it just in case ... 

Iron and Manganese Removal. Groundwaters or water withdrawn from the depths of reservoirs may contain soluble iron and manganese in the +2 oxidation state. Either one in equiHbrium with dissolved oxygen exists in an oxidized and, therefore, insoluble state (Fe(OH)2 and MJ1O2). If the reduced metal ions are allowed to remain in the finished water and then come into contact with the atmosphere, the oxidized forms precipitate upon domestic fixtures or clothes, yielding a reddish-brown stain from the iron and a dark-brown-to-black stain from the manganese. 

Two mechanisms have been identified. Most of the so-called chemical stains result from oxidation of certain wood extractives by air during air seasoning or kiln drying. Colors observed include shades of brown, blue, green, yellow, and red. Species include both hardwoods (oak, birch, maple, alder, basswood, gum, etc.) and softwoods (eastern and western pines, hemlock). 

Ascorbic acid is reasonably stable in a dry state with a shelf life of about 1-3 yr (23). However, it rapidly oxidizes in solution. A 1% solution may remain at approx 80% potency after 10 d. A 0.02% solution will degrade to 0% within 3 d. Ascorbic acid is also currently available in tablet form for dechlorination applications. Release of ascorbic acid-containing waters under some conditions may reduce the pH of the receiving streams. Use of vitamin C is reported to have other potential benefits as it is an essential vitamin for healthy fish (23). Also, it can easily strip manganese oxide stains from reservoir surfaces and thereby promote better disinfection (once the vitamin C is exhausted). Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is NSF certified, allowing it to be used in drinking water treatment to remove or reduce chlorine levels. 

Bleaches can be used to remove stains from clothing. Where do the stains go Bleach does not actually remove the chemicals in stains from the fabric it reacts with them to form colorless compounds. In chlorine bleaches, an ionic chlorine compound in the bleach reacts with the compounds responsible for the stain. This ionic compoimd is sodimn hypochlorite (NaOCl). The hypochlorite ions oxidize the molecules that cause dark stains. 

Bleach removes stains from clothing by oxidizing colored molecules to form colorless molecules. 

OTHER COMMENTS This chemical presented limited information with regard to its physical and chemical properties. This chemical has not been well tested for heath effects. It is used in making plastics and rubber products this substance has also been used to protect light-colored rubber from oxidation and non-staining neoprene compounds from oxidation. 

Storage Store in cool, dry place keep tightly closed keep away from oxidizing materials Uses Dye for fibers, silk, paper, biological stains, leather, wood stains, spirit inks, varnishes, cotton, textiles antiseptic in form of the thiocyanate or hydrochloride citrate salt disinfectant in treatment of throat infections Manuf./Distrib. Acros Org. http //www.acros.be, Aldrich http //www.sigma-aldrich.com, Fluka http //www.sigma-aidrich.com, Pfaltz Bauer http //www.pfaitzandbauer.com, TCI Am. http //www.tciamerica. com Basic orange 14 CAS 65-61-2... 

In recent years, researchers have explored electrochemical methods for use in automatic dishwashing for sanitization and stain removal. In dishwashers, it has been observed that electrochemical cells operate by making use of the water electrolysis process, where OH present in the water from the electrolytic dissociation of water molecules donates an electron to the anode and is therefore oxidized to oxygen gas, which can be removed from the system. As a result, is enhanced at the anode-water interface, and enriched acidic water is produced. The advantage of this electrolyzed water is that it can provide improved cleaning, stain removal, and sterilization benefits in automatic dish care. Combined with ADD compositions, electrolyzed water can be effective at removing a number of soils and stains from dishware. Additionally, the combination of electrolyzed water with ADD combinations may alleviate the need to add additional bleach to the detergent. 

Bleach (in care of textiles) A product for brightening and aiding the removal of soils and stains from textile materials by oxidation that is inclusive of both chlorine and nonchlorine products. 

This test was developed to rate the abrasivity of head cleaning tapes for magnetic recording devices. Some tapes were more abrasive than others all intentionally contained abrasive particles, usually aluminum oxide, to remove brown stain from heads. The stains were really adhesive transfer of polymer from the tapes that contact tlm heads. The riders in the original test were made from high nickel alloys or other materials that were used for recording heads. This was done to simulate the actual tribo stem. Since that time, it has been learned that type 316 stainless steel balls, that are readily commercially available, produced the same rankings as the more exotic materials. For this reason, 316 stainless steel has become somewhat of a standard for evaluation of the abrasivity of all sorts of web materials. 

My mother still thiirks I m very smart. Forty-eight years ago, I removed rust stains from our bathtub with Coca-Cola. It is the carbonic acid in Coke that removed the iron oxide rust stains from the tub. This is an illustration of the corrosive nature of carbonic acid brought into contact with ferric compounds. The carbotric acid is formed from CO2 dissolved in water. 

Fig. 9, Effect of EUK-207 treatment on DNA oxidation in the brain. Mice were treated until 11 mos of age as described for Fig. 8. Brains were then stained for oxidized nucleic acids with an antibody against 8-oxoG/8-oxo dG. Brain regions hippocampus (A-D) and amygdala (E-H) Treatment Vehicle (A,QE,G) EUK-207 (B,D,F,H). Reprinted from reference 38, copyright (2003), with permission from the National Academy of Sciences, USA.

Aromatic Amines. Antioxidants derived from -phenylenediarnine and diphenylamine are highly effective peroxy radical scavengers. They are more effective than phenoHc antioxidants for the stabilization of easily oxidized organic materials, such as unsaturated elastomers. Because of their intense staining effect, derivatives of -phenylenediamine are used primarily for elastomers containing carbon black (qv). 

Smectite [12199-37-0] from an oxidized outcrop is stained light blue by a dilute solution of benzidine hydrochloride. The color does not arise from smectite specifically, but from reaction of a high oxidation state of elements such as Fe " and Mn " (46)46. 

White rust If a fresh zinc surface is allowed to stand with large drops of dew on it, as may easily happen if it is stored in a closed place in which the temperature varies periodically, it is attacked by the oxygen dissolved in the water, owing to differential aeration between the edges and the centres of the drops. A porous form of zinc oxide builds up away from the surface and quickly takes up carbon dioxide from the air to form the basic carbonate known as white rust or wet storage stain. 

Tinned copper and copper alloys Copper itself has a fair corrosion resistance but traces of copper salts are often troublesome and a tin coating offers a convenient means of preventing their formation. Thus copper wire to receive rubber insulation is tinned to preserve the copper from sulphide tarnish and the rubber from copper-catalysed oxidation, and also to keep the wire easily solderable. Vessels to contain water or foodstuffs, including cooking vessels, water-heaters and heat exchangers, may all be tinned to avoid copper contamination accompanied by possible catalysis of the oxidation of such products as milk, and discolouration in the form of, for example, green stains in water and food. 

Organic Coatings. Organic coatings or lacquers protect the steel or tin from external or internal corrosion. The can interiors are coated to prevent undesirable reactions between the interior metal surface and the product. These reactions involve (1) corrosion of the tin coating caused by oxidants in the product, (2) color or flavor loss by the product because of metal ion pickup, or (3) staining of the metal by sulfur-con-... 

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