Bleaching additives

Laundering Conditions Around the World. Any laundeting process is an iaterplay between the equipment used the materials entering the process, ie, detergent, additional bleach, fabric softener, or water and the procedure followed. Equipment and procedures ia three principal geographical areas are summarised ia Table 3. 

This process is a lower-cost method of providing bromine chemistry to large cooling systems, where conventional BCDMH or similar chemistry is cost-prohibitive (see Section 6.2.7 on bromine chemistry). In addition, bleach is often used as a raw material, with sodium chlorite, for the on-site production of chlorine dioxide (see Section 6.2.6). 

In practice, the required ratio can be different from theoretical, as quite often additional bleach is required to provide HOC1 as an oxidant for algal slimes and other forms of chlorine demand. Also, it is necessary to have a permanent source of oxidant available to effect the promotion of HOBr. However, not all the available bromine generated is lost by biocidal reaction or by (limited) volatility. There is, in fact, some degree of recycling of the bromide ion (Br ) back into HOBr, so monitoring of bromine plus the combined free and total chlorine is necessary to strike the correct halogen balance. 

Fig. 8 -23. Addition bleaching an example of the Diels-Alder type reaction (Gierer, 1969).

Fig. 5 shows the results of a spectral analysis similar to that of Fig.4. An additional bleaching was now observed...

In recent years, researchers have explored electrochemical methods for use in automatic dishwashing for sanitization and stain removal. In dishwashers, it has been observed that electrochemical cells operate by making use of the water electrolysis process, where OH present in the water from the electrolytic dissociation of water molecules donates an electron to the anode and is therefore oxidized to oxygen gas, which can be removed from the system. As a result, is enhanced at the anode-water interface, and enriched acidic water is produced. The advantage of this electrolyzed water is that it can provide improved cleaning, stain removal, and sterilization benefits in automatic dish care. Combined with ADD compositions, electrolyzed water can be effective at removing a number of soils and stains from dishware. Additionally, the combination of electrolyzed water with ADD combinations may alleviate the need to add additional bleach to the detergent. 

Kaolinite. Kaolinite is a leaf-like or platy mineral and is the major constituent of kaolin or china clay. Kaolin is used in the manufacture of paper products, plastics, rubber, ceramics, and refractory materials, and as a filler in paints. It is also found in inks, adhesives, insecticides, medicines, food additives, bleach, absorbents, cements, fertilizers, cosmetics, crayons, pencils, detergents, paste, floor tiles, and textiles. 

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